Topic: Tactical training of an athlete. - if necessary, the external conditions of the competition are also modeled.Types of tactical training in sports

Tactical training
In the structure of tactical preparedness
concepts such as
tactical knowledge, abilities, skills.
Tactical knowledge is
a set of ideas about funds,
types and forms of sports tactics and
features
their
application
v
training
and
competitive
activities.
Tactical skills are a form of manifestation
consciousness of the athlete, reflecting his
actions based on tactical knowledge.
Solving skills can be highlighted
the opponent's intentions,
foresee
move
development
competitive
struggle,
modify your own tactics, etc.

Tactical
skills
-
this is
learned tactical actions,
combinations
individual
and
collective action.
Tactical thinking is
thinking of an athlete in the process
sports activities in conditions
lack of time and mental
voltage,
directly
directed
on
solution
specific tactical tasks

Types of tactics:
- offensive;
- defensive;
- counter-attacking
Forms of tactics:
- individual;
- group;
- team
D / Z. To uncover
IVS tactics
views
and
shape

The tactical readiness of individual athletes and teams is based on:

possession of modern means, forms
and the types of tactics of this sport;
correspondence
tactics
level
development
a specific sport with optimal
the structure of competitive activity;
compliance of the tactical plan with the specifics
specific competition (rivals, state
places
competitions,
character
judging,
the behavior of fans, etc.);
ensuring the relationship of tactics with the level
perfection of other sides of preparedness -
technical, psychological, physical.

Exploring the essence and basic
theoretical and methodological provisions
sports tactics
An important task of tactical training
of athletes is the study of general
provisions
tactics
sports,
tactics
chosen sport, refereeing rules
and regulations on competitions in the selected
kind of sport, features of tactics in
related sports, tactical
experience of the strongest athletes, ways
development of a tactical concept, etc.

The value of theoretical and methodological provisions
sports tactics helps to accurately assess
competitive situation, adequately select
funds
and
methods
competitive
activities
with
taking into account
individual
features,
qualifications,
level
the preparedness of the opponent and partners.
Tactical knowledge is acquired throughout the athlete's professional life.
Sources of knowledge are special
literature,
lectures,
conversations,
explanations,
viewing competitions, films and videos, their analysis and analysis, etc.
However, it should be remembered that simply accumulated knowledge of tactics, not backed up by
the athlete's personal motor experience, themselves
alone cannot positively affect athletic performance.

Mastery
tactical
actions.
Funds
and
methods
mastery of tactical actions, the whole
the tactical training process is largely
least
are conditioned
the specifics of the sport. For example, in
most cyclic sports
the main task of tactical training
related to preparation for implementation
developed
schemes
passing
competitive distance.

Tactical improvement tasks in
sports games and martial arts significantly
more difficult. Here and the development of preparatory,
offensive and defensive actions, and
perfection
skills
fulfillment
tactical
action
v
deliberate,
impromptu
and
deliberately impromptu
situations, and mastering the essence of diverse
tactical situations typical of complex

Mastering tactical actions is associated
with the expansion of the number of funds used
and ways, the development of skills to apply one
reception for solving various tactical tasks
and different techniques - to solve one
tactical task.

10.

Tactical
essence
action
master simultaneously with mastering
technique of receptions. It is in the process
practical
mastering
tricks
athletes understand for themselves that each
technical
action
must
to be
associated with the implementation of tactical
option. Knowledge of the tactical nature
actions, their possible effectiveness in
certain situations allows you to choose the optimal action and successfully
solve a tactical problem.

11.

For
mastering
tactics
action can be used
all
aggregate
verbal,
visual
and
practical
means and methods of preparation.
However, the most complete and widespread
v
tactical
preparing
presented
practical
means and methods.

12.

So, the main means of mastering and
improving tactical actions
in cyclic sports is
repeated performance of special preparatory and competitive
exercises in strict accordance with
the developed scheme and with constant
control
per
efficiency
motor
action.
At
this
the speed and time of passage of segments and distances are taken into account; pace
movements, the distance covered in
the result of one cycle of movements;
the nature and magnitude of the efforts being developed
and etc.

13.

At the heart of practical methods
tactical
preparation
lies
activity modeling principle
athlete
v
competitions.
For example,
v
single combats
and
sports
games
developed
special methods that with
different
degree
similarities
simulate
specific
activity
athlete.
TO
him
include: training without an opponent;
training with a conditional opponent;
training with a partner; training with
rival.

14.

Training method without a rival
applied
for
mastering
fundamentals
technicians
actions,
learning
active
and
conscious
their
analysis.
Specific
by means
workout
are
the main
positions and movements, movement, simulation exercises,
their various combinations.

15.

Conditional adversary training method
involves the use of subsidiary
shells
and
devices:
targets,
mannequins,
various
gym
devices, models of a conditional rival with
program control, etc. Exercises
using the listed shells and
devices
allow
work off
remote,
temporary,
rhythmic
specifications
actions,
develop
and
improve visual and motor and
kinesthetic sensations. Method can
successfully
be used
for
development
specific qualities in the conditions of modeling competitive activity.

16.

Method
workout
with
partner
is an
the main
for
mastering
tactics of action. Partner in this
method serves as an active assistant and
promotes correct mastery
technique and tactics of action. The main
training means - paired and
group exercises differing
great variety and wearing
predominantly
technical and tactical
focus.

17.

The opponent training method is applied
for detailed development of tactics of action; tactical
improving
with
taking into account
individual
features
athletes;
improving volitional qualities; education
the ability to use their capabilities in
various tactical situations created
rival.
It allows you to improve your tactics
actions in the context of information and
temporary shortages to address tactical
tasks,
spatio-temporal
uncertainties,
quickly
changing
situations. All this creates a certain
emotional background and high tension,
similar to activities in a competition.

18.

Improving tactical
mastery at various stages
long-term
preparation
and
v
different periods of training
the macrocycle is given unequal
Attention.
Most
purposeful work directed
on
the rise
tactical
preparedness,
held
on
stage
maximum
implementation
individual opportunities when
athlete
preparing
To
higher
achievements.

19.

On
stage
specialized
basic
preparation
improve
v
mostly
nodal components of tactical
skill.
In the first and second stages
years of tactical training
improvement is a secondary task, since here
only the most general
tactical training issues,
related to theoretical and
practical
parts

20.

The largest amount of means and methods of tactical training in the macrocycle falls on
end of preparatory and competitive
period. At the first stage of the preparatory
period, only a few
components of tactics.
Tactical training takes an important place at the stage of direct preparation
To
the main
competitions.
Level
technical
skill,
physical
and
psychological
preparedness,
formed by this stage, allows
move on to working out tactics in its greatest
approaching
To
conditions
the forthcoming
competitive activity.

21.

The system of exercises and methodological
approaches
becoming
sports
tactics:
* creation of facilitating conditions for
adopting rational options
distribution of forces at a distance
(leading, corrective information about the speed of movement,
pace of movement);
* creating conditions that complicate
implementation of optimal tactical
plan when consolidating tactical
skills (performing tasks in
unusual conditions, introduction
additional interference);

22.

* maintaining the tactical scheme at
essential
variability
spatio-temporal
and
dynamic characteristics of movements
or, conversely, an unexpected change
tactics on additional signal
either due to a dramatically changed
situation;
*
need
implementation
optimal tactical scheme for
work in conditions of significant and
constantly progressive fatigue.

23.

When improving tactical skill, it is very important to apply a rational methodology. In the process of forming a tactical
skill,
stand out
three
stage
-
indicative,
control.
executive
and
The tentative stage involves familiarizing the athlete with the task; executive - repeated exercise,
Search
optimal
technical and tactical
solutions, working out ways to implement them in
complex
conditions
training
and
competitive activity; control -
revealing
efficiency
tactical
decisions,
fixation
mistakes and
possibilities of their elimination.

24.

Perfection
thinking
tactical
In preparation for the competition
all possible adversarial situations
struggle
foresee
practically
unrealistic. One of the main tasks
tactical training is to improve
tactical
thinking
athlete. At the same time, it is necessary to develop
the following abilities:
* quickly perceive, adequately
understand and analyze
competitive situations;
* quickly and accurately assess the situation and
make a decision in accordance with
the current situation and the level of its

25.

* anticipate actions
rival (partner in
team);
* reflectively display your
acting in accordance with
objectives of the competition and
task specific
adversarial situation.

26.

Visual-figurative nature of thinking
manifests itself in the fact that in the process
competitive
and
training
activities
solution
motor
tasks is performed on the basis of visual sensory images and is associated with
perception of the actions of opponents and
partners, and the whole situation of sports
duel. An important role is played here
memory and creative imagination.
Situational
character
thinking
manifests itself
v
volume,
what
it
carried out against the background of transience,
irreversibility and variability of situations
competitive wrestling.

27.

Exploring the information you need
for
practical
implementation
tactical preparedness. Tasks
this area of ​​tactical training
athletes are collecting and processing
information about potential opponents and
teammates, about the environment and conditions for the upcoming competition.
Most
important
information
O
rivals and partners are information about
physical fitness of athletes,
technical and tactical manner of conducting them
competitive
struggle,
features
behavior in various (favorable and
unfavorable)
conditions
competitions,
personal
characteristics,
moral-volitional and psychological qualities.

28.

Practical
realization
tactical
preparedness,
being a synthesizing direction
the process of tactical training involves the solution of the following tasks:
* creating a holistic view of
duel;
* formation of an individual style
competitive wrestling;
* decisive and timely
implementation of the decisions made thanks to
rational techniques and actions with
taking into account the characteristics of the opponent, environment,
judging, competition situation and
dr.

29.

Practical
realization
tactical
preparedness
involves the formation of an individual
dual style of conducting fights.
The style (manner) of conducting tactical
struggle should include general
tactical trends in a specific form
sports, take into account the strongest
individual
peculiarities
athlete, as well as his characteristic
limitations.

Sports and tactical training is a pedagogical process aimed at mastering rational forms of wrestling in the process of specific competitive activity. It includes: the study of the general provisions of the tactics of the chosen kind of sport, the methods of refereeing and the provisions of the competition, the tactical experience of the strongest athletes, the development of the skills to build their own tactics in the upcoming competitions; modeling of the necessary conditions in training and control competitions for the practical mastering of tactical constructions. Its result is the provision of a certain level of tactical readiness of an athlete or a team. Tactical readiness is closely related to the use of various techniques, with the methods of their implementation, the choice of offensive, defensive, counterattacking tactics and its forms (individual, group or command).

Practical implementation of tactical readiness involves solving the following tasks: creating a holistic view of the fight; formation of an individual style of competitive wrestling; decisive and timely

implementation of the decisions made thanks to rational techniques and actions, taking into account the characteristics of the opponent, environmental conditions, refereeing, competitive situation, own state, etc.

High tactical skill of an athlete is based on a good level of technical, physical, mental aspects of readiness. The basis of sports and tactical mastery is made up of tactical knowledge, abilities, skills and the quality of tactical thinking.

An athlete's tactical knowledge means information about the principles and rational forms of tactics developed in the chosen sport. Tactical knowledge finds practical application in the form of tactical skills and abilities. In unity with the formation of tactical knowledge, skills and abilities, tactical thinking develops. It is characterized by the ability of an athlete to quickly perceive, evaluate, isolate and process information that is essential for solving tactical problems in a competition, to foresee the opponent's actions and the outcome of competitive situations, and most importantly, to find the shortest path among several possible solutions that is most likely to lead to success.

There are two types of tactical training: general and special. General tactical training is aimed at mastering the knowledge and tactical skills necessary for success in sports competitions in the chosen sport; special tactical training - for mastering the knowledge and tactical actions necessary for successful performance in specific competitions and against a specific opponent.

Specific means and methods of tactical training are tactical forms of performing special preparatory and competitive exercises, the so-called tactical exercises. What distinguishes them from other training exercises is that:

The attitude when performing these exercises is focused primarily on solving tactical problems;

In the exercises, individual tactical techniques and situations of wrestling are practically modeled;

If necessary, the external conditions of the competition are also modeled.

Depending on the stages of preparation, tactical exercises are used in lightweight conditions; in difficult conditions; in conditions as close as possible to competitive ones.

It is usually necessary to facilitate the conditions for performing tactical exercises in training when developing new complex skills and abilities or transforming previously formed ones. This is achieved by simplifying the learned forms of tactics, if we divide them into less complex operations (with the emphasis, for example, of actions of attacking, defensive, contracting tactics in sports games and single combats, positional wrestling at a distance, etc.). The purpose of using tactical exercises of increased difficulty is to ensure the reliability of the learned forms of tactics and to stylize the development of tactical abilities. Relatively general methodological approaches embodied in such exercises include: a) approaches associated with the introduction of additional tactical countermeasures from the enemy. At the same time, the athlete (team) is faced with the need to solve tactical problems, to overcome more significant opposition, in the conditions of competition. For example: to implement the intended tactical plan in a training fight with several opponents, alternately changing in the course of the bout; in playing exercises and training games "One against two", three against five ", etc .; to overcome the resistance of the opponent, who is allowed to use a wider arsenal of techniques, with the given technical and tactical methods; b) approaches associated with limiting the spatial and temporal conditions of action; c) approaches associated with the mandatory expansion of the tactical options used; d) approaches associated with limiting the number of attempts provided to achieve a competitive goal.

In the process of improving tactical thinking, an athlete needs to develop the following abilities: quickly perceive, adequately understand, analyze, evaluate a competitive situation and make a decision in accordance with the created situation and the level of his preparedness and his operational state; anticipate the actions of the enemy; build their actions in accordance with the goals of the competition and the task of a specific competitive situation.

The main specific method of improving tactical thinking is the method of training with both a real and a conditional enemy.

Along with training and improving the foundations of sports tactics, it is necessary to:

Constant replenishment and deepening of knowledge about the laws of sports tactics, its effective forms;

Systematic "intelligence" (collection of information) about sports rivals, the development of tactical plans;

Updating and deepening sports and tactical skills, schemes, etc .;

Education of tactical thinking.

As a practical section of the content of sports training, tactical training is most fully presented at the stages immediately preceding the main competitions, and at the stages between the main competitions.

At the stage of direct preparation for a responsible competition, the tactical training methodology should first of all ensure the fullest possible modeling of those integral forms of tactics that will be used in this competition. The purpose of modeling in this case is to test the developed tactical concept and plan in conditions that coincide as much as possible with the conditions of the upcoming competition.

Physical training

Physical training is a pedagogical process aimed at developing physical qualities and developing functional capabilities, which create favorable conditions for improving all aspects of training. It is subdivided into general and special.

general physical preparation assumes the versatile development of physical qualities, functional capabilities and systems of the athlete's body, the coherence of their manifestation in the process of muscular activity. In modern sports training, general physical fitness is associated not with versatile physical perfection in general, but with the level of development of qualities and abilities that have an indirect effect on sports achievements and the effectiveness of the training process in a particular sport. Means of general physical fitness are physical exercises that have a general effect on the body and personality of an athlete. These include various movements - running, skiing, swimming, outdoor and sports games, exercises with weights, etc.

General physical training should be carried out throughout the entire annual training cycle.

Special physical training characterized by the level of development of physical abilities, the capabilities of organs and functional systems that directly determine the achievements in the chosen sport. The main means of special physical training are competitive exercises and specially preparatory exercises.

The physical fitness of an athlete is closely related to his sports specialization. In some sports and their individual disciplines, sports results are primarily determined by speed-strength capabilities, the level of development of anaerobic performance; in others - aerobic performance, endurance for long-term work; in the third - speed-power coordination abilities; fourthly, by the uniform development of various physical qualities.

Methods of upbringing physical qualities are described in detail in Chapter 7 "Theoretical and practical foundations of the development of physical qualities."

Mental preparation

Mental preparation- is a system of psychological and pedagogical influences used to form and improve athletes' personality traits and mental qualities necessary for the successful fulfillment of training activities, preparation for competitions and reliable performance in them.

Mental training helps to create a mental state that contributes, on the one hand, to the greatest use of physical and technical readiness, and on the other hand, allows to resist competitive and competitive confounding factors (lack of confidence, fear of possible defeat, stiffness, overexcitation, etc.) etc.).

It is customary to highlight general mental training and mental training for a specific competition.

General preparation is solved in two ways:

1) training an athlete in universal techniques that ensure mental readiness for activities in extreme conditions: methods of self-regulation of emotional states, the level of activation, concentration and distribution of attention; methods of self-organization and mobilization for maximum volitional and physical efforts;

2) teaching the techniques of modeling competitive struggle conditions in training activity by means of verbal and natural models. Preparation for a specific competition involves the formation of a mindset to achieve the planned result against the background of a certain emotional excitement, depending on motivation, the size of the athlete's need to achieve the goal and a subjective assessment of the likelihood of its achievement. By changing emotional arousal, adjusting the value of the need, the social and personal significance of the goal, as well as the subjective probability of success, it is possible to form the necessary state of the athlete's mental readiness for the upcoming competition.

In the daily training process, mental training is, as it were, included in other types of training (physical, technical, tactical), although it has its own goals and objectives. If the goal of mental training is the realization of the potential capabilities of a given athlete, ensuring effective activity, then the variety of particular tasks (the formation of motivational attitudes, the upbringing of volitional qualities, the improvement of motor skills, the development of intelligence, the achievement of mental stability to training and competitive loads) leads to the fact that any training tool in one way or another contributes to the solution of mental training problems.

By goals application

1) mobilizing;

2) corrective (correcting);

3) relaxing (relaxing).

1) psychological and pedagogical (persuasive, guiding, motor, behavioral-organizing, social-organizing, combined);

2) predominantly psychological (suggestive, i.e. suggestive; mental, combining influence by word and image; social and playful, combined);

3) mainly psychophysiological (instrumental, psychopharmacological, respiratory, combined).

By sphere of influence means and methods of mental preparation are divided into:

1) funds aimed at correcting the perceptual-psychomotor sphere (i.e., the qualities associated with the perception of the situation and motor actions);

2) means of influencing the intellectual sphere;

3) means of influencing the volitional sphere;

4) means of influencing the emotional sphere;

5) means of influencing the moral sphere.

By addressee means and methods of mental preparation are divided into:

1) funds aimed at mental training of the coach;

2) controls directly by the athlete or team.

By application time these tools and methods are divided into:

1) warning;

2) pre-competition;

3) competitive;

4) post-competition.

By nature of application they are subdivided into self-regulation (autoinfluence) and heteroregulation (the influence of other participants in the pedagogical process - a trainer, psychologist, doctor, masseur, etc.).

The choice of specific means and methods is significantly influenced by the time factor, the place of the competition, the socio-psychological climate in the team, the individual characteristics of the athlete.

Mobilizing means and methods are aimed at increasing the mental tone, the formation of an attitude towards the active intellectual and motor activity of the athlete. This includes such verbal means as self-orders, beliefs; psycho-regulatory exercises such as “psycho-regulatory training” (option “mobilization”), concentration exercises; physiological effects such as the exciting version of acupuncture, stimulating massage.

Corrective agents usually belong to the category of verbal and are in the form of heteroinfluence. There can be various options for sublimation (the athlete's thoughts about the possible outcome of the competition are displaced in the direction of assessing their own technical and tactical actions), methods of changing goal-setting, the method of "rationalization" (when the athlete is explained the mechanism of the onset of stress, which makes it less dangerous), "gymnastics of the senses" according to the system of KS Stanislavsky (when an athlete is deliberately asked to portray anger, rage, joy, doubt, etc.).

Relaxing agents are aimed at reducing the level of arousal and facilitate the process of mental and physical recovery. Examples of psychoregulatory training options "calming", "progressive relaxation" (sequential muscle tension and relaxation), "psychoregulation pauses", and a soothing massage are examples.

Psychological and pedagogical means are within the competence of not only a psychologist, but also a coach, are based on verbal (verbal) influence and are aimed primarily at the moral and moral sphere of the athlete. Skillful use of the word is the most important means of mental preparation.

Psychophysiological means are conventionally called physiological by technology, but carrying a mental impact, mainly indirect. Such means are acupuncture, massage, warm-up, especially if it is psychologically competently constructed and aims to form the necessary mood in the athlete.

A significant section of the means of mental training is made up of the methods of voluntary self-regulation. According to the method of application, such techniques can be persuasion, self-hypnosis (self-command), motor and breathing exercises, the use of mechanisms of representation and imagination (for example, using the means of ideomotor training),

Mental preparation is carried out throughout the many years of training in training sessions, training camps, competitions.

18.6. Training and competition loads

- this is the effect of physical exercises on the athlete's body, causing an active reaction of his functional systems (V.N. Platonov, 1987).

- This is an intense, often maximum load associated with the performance of competitive activities.

The training load does not exist on its own. It is a function of muscle work inherent in training and competitive activities. It is muscular work that contains the training potential, which causes the corresponding functional restructuring on the part of the body.

In their own way nature loads used in sports are subdivided into training and competitive, specific and non-specific; on magnitude- for small, medium, significant (near-limit) and large (limit); on focus - on those contributing to the improvement of individual motor qualities (speed, strength, coordination, endurance, flexibility) or their components (for example, alactate or lactate anaerobic capabilities, aerobic capabilities), improving the coordination structure of movements, components of mental readiness or tactical skill, etc.; on coordination complexity

- on performed in stereotypical conditions that do not require significant mobilization of coordination abilities, and associated with the implementation of movements of high coordination complexity; on mental tension- to more intense and less intense, depending on the requirements for the mental capabilities of athletes.

According to the magnitude of the impact on the athlete's body, all loads can be divided into developing, supporting (stabilizing) and restorative.

Developmental loads include large and significant loads, which are characterized by high effects on the main functional systems of the body and cause a significant level of fatigue. Such loads in terms of the integral effect on the body can be expressed through 100 and 80%. After such loads, a recovery period is required for the most involved functional systems, respectively, 48-96 and 24-48 hours.

Supporting (stabilizing) loads include average loads affecting the athlete's body at the level of 50-60% in relation to heavy loads and requiring the restoration of the most tired systems from 12 to 24 hours.

Rehabilitation loads include small loads on the athlete's body at the level of 25-30% in relation to large ones and requiring recovery no more than 6 hours.

The choice of a particular load should be justified, first of all, from the standpoint of efficiency. The most significant signs of the effectiveness of training loads include (M.A.Godik, 1980):

1) specialized, i.e. a measure of similarity to a competitive exercise;

2) tension, which manifests itself in a predominant effect on a particular motor quality, when certain mechanisms of energy supply are activated;

3) value as a quantitative measure of the impact of the exercise on the athlete's body.

The specialization of the load assumes their distribution into groups depending on the degree of their similarity with the competitive ones. On this basis, all training loads are divided into specific and non-specific. The specific loads are those that are substantially similar to the competitive ones in terms of the nature of the displayed abilities and the reactions of functional systems.

In the modern classification of training and competitive loads, there are five zones that have certain physiological boundaries and pedagogical criteria that are widespread in training practice. In addition, in some cases, the third zone is divided into two more subzones, and the fourth - into three in accordance with the duration of competitive activity and the power of work (Table 30). For qualified athletes, these areas have the following characteristics.

The tactical aspect of sports training is associated with the ability to conduct wrestling in the process of specific competitive activity. The level of tactical readiness of an athlete depends on their mastery of the means of sports tactics (technical techniques and methods of their implementation), its types (offensive, defensive, counterattacking) and forms (individual, group, team).

Sports and tactical training is a pedagogical process aimed at mastering rational forms of competition with the "enemy". Its main task is the most expedient use of forces and opportunities for victory. It includes: the study of the general provisions of the tactics of the chosen kind of sport; techniques of refereeing and regulations on competitions; tactical experience of the strongest athletes; mastering the skills to build your own tactics in the upcoming competitions; modeling of the necessary conditions in training and control competitions for the practical mastery of tactical constructions.

Tactical knowledge is a set of ideas about the means, types and forms of sports tactics and the peculiarities of their use in training and competitive activities.

Tactical skills are a form of manifestation of an athlete's consciousness, reflecting his actions on the basis of tactical knowledge.

Tactical skills are learned tactical actions, combinations of individual or collective actions.

Tactical thinking is the thinking of an athlete in the process of sports activity under conditions of time deficit and mental stress and is directly aimed at solving specific tactical problems.

In the process of tactical training, the following tasks are solved:

1) creating a holistic view of the fight;

2) the formation of an individual style of wrestling;

3) decisive and timely implementation of the decisions made, thanks to rational techniques and actions, taking into account the characteristics of the opponent, environmental conditions, refereeing, competitive situation, own state, etc.

There are two types of tactical training: general and special. General tactical training is aimed at mastering knowledge and tactical skills for success in sports competitions in the chosen sport; special tactical training - for mastering the knowledge and tactical actions necessary for successful performance in specific competitions and against a specific opponent.

Tactical forms of specially prepared competitive exercises fulfillment, the so-called tactical exercises, serve as specific means and methods of tactical training. What distinguishes them from other training exercises is that:

1) the attitude when performing these exercises is focused primarily on solving tactical problems;

2) in the exercises, individual tactical situations and methods of wrestling are practically modeled;

3) if necessary, the external conditions of the competition are also modeled.

Relatively general methodological techniques embodied in such exercises include:

a) approaches associated with limiting the spatial and temporal conditions of action;

b) approaches associated with the introduction of additional tactical countermeasures on the part of the "enemy";

c) approaches associated with limiting the number of attempts presented to achieve a competitive goal;

d) approaches associated with the expansion of the tactical options used.

Factors affecting the tactics of athletes' competitive activity:

Competition rules;

Competition Regulations;

Environmental conditions accompanying sports competitions.

Psychological preparation of athletes

Psychological training is a system of psychological and pedagogical influences used to form and improve athletes' personality traits and mental qualities necessary for the successful fulfillment of training activities, preparation for competitions and reliable performance in them. Mental training helps to create a mental state that contributes, on the one hand, to the greatest use of physical and technical readiness, and on the other hand, allows to resist pre-competitive and competitive confounding factors (self-doubt, stiffness, overexcitation, etc.).

The state of mental readiness is a balanced, relatively stable system of the athlete's personal characteristics, against the background of which the dynamics of mental processes develop, aimed at orienting the athlete in pre-competitive situations and in the conditions of competitive struggle, at self-regulation of his own actions, thoughts, feelings, behavior in general adequate to these conditions associated with solving particular problems leading to the achievement of the intended goal.

It is customary to highlight general mental training and mental training for a specific competition.

General mental preparation is solved in two ways:

1) training an athlete in universal techniques that ensure mental readiness for activities in extreme conditions: ways of self-regulation of emotional states, the level of concentration and distribution of attention; methods of self-organization and mobilization for maximum volitional and physical efforts;

2) teaching the techniques of modeling in training activity the conditions of competitive wrestling by means of verbal-figurative and natural models.

Psychological preparation for a specific competition. It involves the formation of an attitude to achieve the planned result against the background of a certain emotional excitement, depending on motivation, the size of the athlete's need to achieve the goal and a subjective assessment of the likelihood of its achievement. At this stage, mental preparation includes psychological modeling of the conditions of the upcoming struggle, forced optimization of the "strengths" of the athlete's mental fitness, attitude and program of actions, etc.

According to the purpose of application, the means and methods of psychological preparation are divided into: 1) mobilizing; 2) corrective (correcting); 3) relaxing (relaxing).

1) psychological and pedagogical (persuasive, guiding, motor, behavioral-organizing, social-organizing, combined);

2) predominantly psychological (suggestive; mental, combining influence by word and image; social and playful and combined);

3) mainly psychophysiological (instrumental, psychopharmacological, respiratory, combined).

According to the sphere of influence, the means and methods of psychological preparation are divided into:

1) funds aimed at correcting the perceptual-psychomotor sphere (i.e., qualities associated with the perception of the situation and motor actions);

2) means of influencing the intellectual sphere;

3) means of influencing the emotional sphere;

4) means of influencing the volitional sphere;

5) means of influencing the moral sphere.

According to the addressee, the means and methods of mental preparation are divided into:

1) funds aimed at mental training of the coach;

2) controls directly by the athlete or team.

By the time of application, these funds are divided into: 1) warning; 2) pre-competition; 3) competitive; 4) post-competition.

By the nature of their application, they are divided into self-regulation (self-action) and heteroregulation (the impact of other participants in the pedagogical process - a trainer, psychologist, doctor, massage therapist, etc.).

In the system of psychological training, the following areas should be distinguished:

Formation of motivation to go in for sports;

Strong-willed training;

Ideomotor training;

Improving responsiveness;

Improvement of special skills;

Regulation of mental tension;

Improving stress tolerance;

Starting state management.

Mental preparation is carried out throughout the many years of training in training sessions, training camps, competitions.

Physical training

Physical training is a process aimed at developing physical qualities and developing functional capabilities, which create favorable opportunities for improving all aspects of training. It is subdivided into general and special.

General physical fitness (GPP) presupposes the versatile development of physical qualities, functional capabilities and systems of the athlete's body, the coherence of their manifestation in the process of muscular activity. In modern sports training, general physical fitness is associated not with versatile physical perfection in general, but with the level of development of physical qualities and abilities, which have an indirect effect on sports achievements and the effectiveness of the training process in a particular sport. Means of general physical fitness are physical exercises that have a general effect on the body and personality of an athlete. These include various movements - running, skiing, swimming, outdoor and sports games, exercises with weights, etc. With their help, individual links of the body are developed, strengthened, and improved, which ultimately achieves the total effect of general physical training. It is especially important through general physical training to strengthen weaknesses in the body, increase the functionality of systems and organs.

General physical training exercises, according to their direction and effect, can be somewhat conditionally divided into two groups - indirect and direct influence.

Exercises of indirect influence are designed to increase the performance of organs and systems of the body, to ensure the coherence of their functions. Usually, such exercises indirectly contribute to an increase in fitness (for example, crosses for non-core specializations, strength exercises for chess players, etc.).

General developmental exercises of direct action are directly aimed at increasing physical fitness in the chosen sport. With their help, organs and systems are strengthened, functional capabilities are increased, and motor qualities are developed in relation to the requirements of building a common foundation for the chosen kind of sport. Physical exercises of direct action should be similar in coordination and character to the movements and actions (or parts of them) available in the chosen sport.

General physical training should be carried out throughout the entire annual training cycle.

Special physical training (SPP) is characterized by the level of development of physical abilities, the capabilities of organs and functional systems that directly determine the achievements in the chosen sport.

The main means of SPP are all special preparatory exercises. The closer these exercises are in terms of characteristics to the competitive ones, the more synchronously they affect sports results.

The physical fitness of an athlete is closely related to his sports specialization. In some sports and their individual disciplines, the sports result is determined, first of all, by speed-power capabilities, the level of anaerobic performance; in others - aerobic performance, endurance for long-term work; thirdly - speed-power and coordination abilities; fourthly, the uniform development of various physical qualities.

Purposeful ways of using techniques in competitive activity for solving competitive problems, taking into account the rules of competition, positive and negative characteristics of readiness, as well as environmental conditions - called sports tactics.

Each sport leaves a certain imprint on the tactics of competitive wrestling, therefore, the interpretation and definitions of this concept in various sports may differ to a certain extent from each other. For example, in team sports, tactics is defined as the organization of individual and collective actions of players aimed at achieving victory over the enemy.

In general, the point of tactics is in using the techniques of competitive activity in such a way that they would allow the athlete to realize his capabilities (physical, technical, mental) with the least cost to overcome the opponent's resistance with the greatest efficiency. Sports tactics should be based on the compliance of the tactical plan and behavior of the athlete during the competition with the level of development of his physical and mental qualities, technical readiness and theoretical knowledge. In addition to the choice of methods, techniques and actions, it includes a rational distribution of forces in the process of performing competitive exercises; the use of methods of psychological influence on the enemy and masking intentions.

Tactics can relate to competitive, starting (fight, duel, scrum, start, etc.) and situational goals. A feature of tactics is its individual, group or team character, determined by the type of sport, sports discipline and characteristics of the competition.

Different variants of tactics of competitive activity can be solved with a different composition of participants:

Individual athletes in individual sports who have their own individual tasks and are not associated with other team members (martial arts, cyclic types, complex coordination and speed-power disciplines). Such tactics are individual;

A group of athletes who have common tasks and perform the same functions and the same work in the course of competitive activity (group exercises in rhythmic gymnastics, synchronized swimming, rowing in crews, relay race, team race in cycling) - this tactic refers to the group;

A team of athletes who have common tasks, but perform different functions in competitive activity (game) - goalkeeper, line of defense, middle line and attack. This tactic belongs to the team.

Depending on the specifics of the sport, the qualifications of the athlete, the situation that has arisen in the competition, it is possible to distinguish: algorithmic, probabilistic and heuristic nature of tactics.

Algorithmic tactics provides for the implementation of actions in a strictly planned sequence according to a previously drawn up plan. This is typical for sports with minimal variability in tactical decisions (throwing, weightlifting, rowing, speed skating, etc.).

Probabilistic tactics competitive wrestling presupposes "deliberate impromptu" actions, in which only a certain beginning is planned; options for continuing actions depend on the specific reactions of the enemy and partners, the situation in the competition.

Heuristic tactics is based on the impromptu response of athletes, depending on the situation in the course of a competitive fight.

The success of competitive activity is associated with many factors, including the level of preparedness of partners and rivals and their morphometric data.

In a number of sports, especially in sports games, boxing at the professional level, there is even a specially organized "reconnaissance" consisting in regular observation and video recording of the performances of prospective opponents, assessing their level of preparedness and developing recommendations for building tactics of competitive activity.

The height-weight data of the opponents in combination with the technique of exercises fulfillment are of great importance in the development of a model of future competitive activity. All this has a particularly strong effect on the course of a duel in martial arts and sports games. For example, in boxing - left-sided or right-sided stance, arm length, height, in handball and basketball - the presence of tall players, etc.

Sports and tactical training- pedagogical process aimed at mastering rational forms of wrestling in the process of specific competitive activity. It includes: the study of the general provisions of the tactics of the chosen kind of sport, methods of refereeing and regulations on competitions, the tactical experience of the strongest athletes; mastering the skills to build your own tactics in the upcoming competitions; modeling of the necessary conditions in training and control competitions for the practical mastering of tactical constructions. Its result is the provision of a certain level of tactical readiness of an athlete or a team. Tactical readiness is closely related to the use of various techniques, with the methods of their implementation, the choice of offensive, defensive, counterattacking tactics and its forms (individual, group or command).

The practical implementation of tactical readiness involves solving the following tasks: creating a holistic view of the fight; formation of an individual style of competitive wrestling; decisive and timely implementation of the decisions made thanks to rational methods; and actions taking into account the characteristics of the opponent, environmental conditions, refereeing, competitive situation, own state, etc.

High tactical skill of an athlete is based on a good level of technical, physical, mental aspects of readiness. The basis of sports and tactical mastery is made up of tactical knowledge, abilities, skills and the quality of tactical thinking.

Under tactical knowledge an athlete means information about the principles and rational forms of tactics developed in the chosen sport. Tactical knowledge finds practical application in the form of tactical skills and abilities. In unity with the formation of tactical knowledge, skills and abilities, tactical thinking develops. It is characterized by the ability of an athlete to quickly perceive, evaluate, isolate and process information essential for solving tactical problems in a competition, to foresee the opponent's actions and the outcome of competitive situations, and most importantly, to find, among several possible solutions, the one that is most likely to lead to success in the shortest way. ...

There are two types of tactical training: general and special. General tactical training is aimed at mastering the knowledge and tactical skills necessary for the success of sports competitions in the chosen sport; special tactical training- to master the knowledge and tactical actions necessary for successful performance in specific competitions and against a specific opponent.

Questions to control the learned material.

1 What is called sports tactics?

2 Describe the peculiarities of tactics: individual,

group team character determined by the sport.

3 Describe the "algorithmic tactics",

4 Describe "probabilistic tactics"

5 Describe the "heuristic tactics".

6 What is sports-tactical training 7 List the tasks of tactical readiness .

8 General and special tactical training