> Who invented hockey?

Who invented hockey?

Hockey, according to historians, was invented in Ancient Egypt in the 2nd millennium BC. For the title of the country where hockey was invented with rules that are very similar to modern ones, two states are fighting. These are the USA and Canada. In Canada, the cities of Winsor, Kingston and Halifax compete with each other. Residents of the American city of Washington claim that it was in their city that people first began to play hockey. And it is still unclear where the modern hockey was invented.

Hockey has existed since very ancient times. The prototype of this game was found in Egypt 4 thousand years ago. Of course, at that time there were no artificial ice rinks yet, and there was never any natural ice in Africa. But the very principle of the Egyptians' game was very similar to modern hockey. Then, instead of clubs, the players had sticks, and the puck was replaced by some small object. A group of people played in a specially marked area. Later, hockey spread to other places such as the Roman Empire, Greece. Hockey was played by the peoples inhabiting Latin America. This happened even before the first Europeans sailed there. Hockey, which most closely resembled modern hockey, originated in the 18th century in England. Moreover, this sport developed and changed for several centuries, until, finally, in 1908 it was included in the Olympic Games.

A coward doesn't play hockey because it's a game for real men. In hockey, players skate and hold sticks in their hands. The whole game takes place at high speeds. In order not to receive serious injuries from a blow with a stick, puck or collision with other players, hockey players wear special protection. Despite this, injuries are not uncommon in this sport. That is why "a coward does not play hockey."

Hockey is played by two teams, each of which consists of six people. All team players play while standing on skates. Each team has a goal into which the opponents must hit the puck. Most often, games are held in indoor stadiums, where the ice on the rink is artificially frozen using special devices. Hockey players are dressed in a special uniform that protects them from damage, because hockey is a pretty tough game.

The team that scores the most goals during the meeting wins. The goal of each team is guarded by a goalkeeper. His task is not to let the puck into the goal. Hockey is played according to certain rules. If the hockey players of any team violate the rules, they are fined for this by the referees, who make sure that the game is fair. The guilty hockey player must sit for some time on the bench. During such a sitting, his team has a hard time, because they remain in the minority. Opponents often use this to hit the puck with the least amount of effort.

Two countries most often became world hockey champions - Russia (USSR) and Canada. Russia became the champion 23 times. Canada - 22 times. Sweden ranks third on this list. This country became World Champion 7 times. Next comes Czechoslovakia, which has won the championship title 6 times. After the collapse of Czechoslovakia, two states were formed - the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Czech Republic became World Champion 4 times, and Slovakia 1 time. The USA team became the champion 2 times. Finally, the teams from Finland and England won once.

Most often, the CSKA (Central Sports Club of the Army) Moscow team became the USSR Champion in hockey. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the main team that won the most championship titles was the Metallurg team from the city of Magnitogorsk. CSKA became the Champion of the USSR from 1947 to 1950, in 1954-1956, 1957-1966, 1967-1968, 1969-1973, 1974-1975 and 1976-1989. Metallurg became the champion in 1998-1999, 2000-2001 and 2006-2007.

NHL - The National Hockey League is the official sports organization that includes teams from Canada and the United States. This organization was formed in 1917, at that time it included 4 teams. Now there are 30 teams playing in the NHL. All of them compete among themselves for the right to own the Stanley Cup. The best hockey players of the planet play in this organization. All of them are attracted not only by the fact of participation in such a solid organization, but also by the significant salary that the NHL pays to its hockey players. Moreover, hockey players do not always come to the NHL themselves. Good hockey players from around the world are offered a lot of money by the NHL to come and play in its ranks.

Field hockey is an Olympic summer sport and the most popular type of ice hockey. In the world, this sport is simply called hockey, however, in Russia they say - field hockey to distinguish it from ice hockey. Interestingly, in field hockey, a ball is used instead of a puck. This game, in the vast majority of cases, takes place outdoors, but there is a kind of field hockey, which is played indoors. This field hockey is called indoor hockey. This game is very common in India, Australia and Pakistan. In Russia, this sport is not widespread.

There are also ice hockey competitions at the Summer Olympics, but only on grass. Honestly, I never saw them, even while watching the Athens Olympics. It may not have been shown.

Field hockey - hockey - from the English hockey, possibly from the old French hoquet - a shepherd's staff with a hook. Modern field hockey as a sport originated in the 19th century in England. In the same place, in the early 60s of the 19th century, hockey clubs began to be created. The first of these, Blackheath, was organized in 1861 in London.

In 1875, the London Field Hockey Association formulated the first set of rules for this game. When the National Field Hockey Association was created in England in 1886, its uniform rules were adopted.

At the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century. field hockey, which developed in England, Ireland, Wales, becomes famous and gains popularity in continental Europe, including the Netherlands, France, Germany, Denmark, Czechoslovakia and some other countries, where national federations, associations or clubs cultivating this kind of sport, as well as in India, Canada, USA.

The International Field Hockey Federation FIH was founded in 1924.
Field hockey has been included in the program of the Olympic Games since 1908 - men's teams, and since 1980 - women's teams. Field hockey was absent from the programs of the two Olympics - 1912 and 1924.

Field hockey is the only sport for which India has Olympic gold medals.

In 2004, the Australian team won gold among men's teams, and Germany - among women.

Rules.

Hockey is played by two teams of 11 players. The goal of the game is to drive the ball into the opponent's goal. The team with the most goals in two 35-minute halves wins.
Players other than the goalkeeper may only hit the ball with clubs and may be penalized for playing with their feet or other body parts. Wooden hooks should be flat on one side and rounded on the other. Players can only hit the ball with the flat side. The goalkeeper can use any part of his body to protect the goal from the ball while he (she) is in the goalkeeper's area.

A dangerous game.
Since the hockey ball weighs 156-163 g and 224-235 mm in diameter, and the clubs themselves can be dangerous, the players are not allowed to raise the clubs above their heads and use them, creating conditions for a dangerous game. Most importantly, athletes should not send the ball into the air, except in scoring situations. The level of danger for each ball lifted off the ground is determined by the official referees.
Unlike many other sports, field hockey players cannot use their body or stick to defend or prevent other players from hitting the ball. By doing so or physically interfering with other players, the athlete is breaking the rules.

Other rules.

• if the goalkeeper lays down on the ball, this is considered a violation;
• in case of deliberate attack, bad behavior or dangerous play, the athlete may be warned with a green card, fined with a yellow card for five minutes, or sent off from the field with a red card;
• a player warned by a yellow card can later return to the game;
• the game is controlled by two referees, one in each half of the field.

Field.
The hockey field is 91.4 m long and 55 m wide. The center line divides it in two. At each end of the field there is an arc that runs 14.6 m from the goal and denotes an area called the "goal zone". The gate is 3.66 m wide and 2.14 m high.

Qualification.
The reigning Olympic champion and the host team are automatically included in the competition. The rest of the participants are qualified according to the results of the regional qualifying competitions. One team each from Europe, America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. The remaining teams are qualified by the results of the Olympic qualifying rounds.

Field hockey is one of the most ancient sports games. The oldest monument dates back to around 2000 BC. The pyramid, located near the town of Beni Hasan in the Nile Valley, shows two players with clubs fighting for the ball. Historical documents show that the ancient Japanese ("kachi" and "dakiu") and the Aztec Indians ("cheuka") had games similar to hockey. The next of the discovered historical monuments of the game dates back only to 1200 AD. Painted on thick stained glass in the northern chorale of Canterbury Cathedral in England is a boy holding a club in his left hand and a ball at his right shoulder. In the Copenhagen Museum, on the altar, there is a statuette depicting two ice hockey players playing the ball. It dates back to 1333. The modern name for the game of hockey may have come from the old French word "hoquet" - a shepherd's staff with a hook: many historians agree that the pioneers of field hockey are shepherds who whiled away their free time playing this game on summer pastures.

Field hockey these days

Field hockey took on its current face in the mid-19th century in England.... The development was based on schools and universities. The formation of the world's first ice hockey club dates back to 1861. It was the Blackheath Club in London. The players gathered at the Princess of Wales Hotel, chose red or blue hats from the bag (the club has retained these colors to this day) and went out to play on a nearby field - red against blue. The game was then played by both sides of the club. The ball was quite light and made of rubber. The hockey field measured 200 by 60 yards. Soon other hockey clubs appeared: Teddington, Surbiton, Richmond, East Surrey. The first rules of the game were developed in 1852. The rules of the game at Eton College were approved in 1860. Each school, each club at that time had its own version of the rules of the game. The first club to try to standardize the rules was East Surrey. The rules of 1875 stated that "the stick must not rise above the shoulder", "a goal cannot be awarded if the ball was hit from a distance of more than 15 yards from the goal post", "the ball must be white." Only with the founding of the first official national field hockey association (January 18, 1886) the rules were unified and collected in the form of a set. In 1887, the length of the club was limited, and the goalkeeper was given the right to play with his feet in the hitting circle. In 1889, the goal net was introduced as a mandatory attribute. In 1907, many of the rules were defined that still apply today. By the end of the 1970s. field hockey has become the most popular sport among students at Oxford and Cambridge Universities. The first official field hockey match was held between the students of these educational institutions. It was played in 1890. By the end of the 19th century. field hockey spread to many European countries, penetrated to India, then to Canada, USA, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. In the late 40s. 20th century this game began to develop in African countries. In 1895, the first international field hockey meeting took place: the match was held in Rila between the teams of Ireland and Wales. The issues of organizing and conducting international competitions, clarifying the rules of the game were originally dealt with by the International Field Hockey Council, created in 1900. On January 7, 1924, the International Field Hockey Federation - FIH was founded in Paris. The initiator of its creation was the Frenchman Paul Lioti, who became its first president. Initially, FIH united the national hockey associations of 7 European countries: Austria, Belgium, Hungary, Spain, France, Czechoslovakia and Switzerland. In the same year, the first FIH charter was adopted. The International Field Hockey Federation unites 119 national federations and associations from Asia, America, Africa, Europe and Oceania. Nowadays, in many countries of the world, field hockey ranks second in popularity after football among team sports, in which competitions are held outdoors.

The rise of women's field hockey

Modern women's field hockey began its history in the 70s of the XIX century. In 1876, the world's first women's hockey club, founded by students at Oxford University, appeared in England. The first national association of women's field hockey was formed in 1894 in Ireland. Then the same associations arose in England and Wales. By the early 20th century, women's hockey teams had sprung up in European countries, Canada, the United States, New Zealand, and Australia. But until the 1920s. competitions for women's teams were held within the framework of national tournaments and meetings. International matches with the participation of hockey players began only in 1926. In 1927, at the founding congress in London, the International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (IFWHA) was created. But only 48 years later in Amsterdam, in the interests of women's hockey participation in the Olympic Games, the Supreme Council of Field Hockey was created, which included the leaders of the International Field Hockey Federation (FIH) and IFWHA. This advice was recognized by the International Olympic Committee and in 1976 it was decided to include women's field hockey in the Summer Olympic Games. Since 1978, uniform rules of the game have been introduced for men's and women's teams.

Olympic tournaments

Field hockey tournaments for men's teams were first included in the program of the Summer Olympic Games in 1908. Since 1932, they have been organized at all Summer Games. Women's national teams took part in the Olympic Games for the first time in 1980. The competition formula changed several times: in 1908 and 1952. the hockey tournament was held on a knock-out system, in 1920 and 1932. - in a circular system. At all other Olympic Games - according to a mixed system: preliminary games in two subgroups are held according to a circular system, the final part (drawing of medals and subsequent places) - according to the Olympic system. During the time during which field hockey is included in the program of the Olympic Games, the largest total number of medals was won by teams from India - 11 (8 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze), the Netherlands - 13 (3, 4, 6), Germany (including results in Germany) - 11 (3, 5, 3), Australia - 10 (4, 3, 3), Pakistan - 8 (3, 3, 2), Great Britain - 7 (3, 1, 3) and Spain - 4 ( 1, 2, 1). Seven hockey players are three-time Olympic champions, and all of them are representatives of the Indian national team from different years: Richard Allen and Dhayan Chand (1928, 1932 and 1936), Leslie Claudius, Ranaganandhan Francis, Balbir Singh, Randhir Singh Gentle (1948, 1952, 1956) and Udham Singh (1952, 1956, 1964). In the women's Olympic hockey tournaments, three female athletes have become Olympic champions twice: Rachell Hawks, Jacqueline Pereira and Line Tut, representing the Australian women's national team (1988 and 1996).

http://www.mohockey.ru

In the winter time. In order to avoid a variety of injuries, players will need to purchase all the necessary equipment. Do not forget about the warm-up that should take place before the start of the game. So, it is worth talking in more detail about what hockey is.

What is a sports game?

Hockey is considered to be the most popular. This game will appeal not only to adults, but also to children. In any area of ​​ice in your backyard, you can see a group of people racing the puck briskly. They already know exactly what ice hockey is.

Ice hockey is a sports game (a subspecies of ice hockey) in which two teams compete. Athletes must throw the puck into the opponent's goal, passing it with the help of clubs. But at the same time you have to try to protect your goal. Whoever scores more - he won.

What do I need to purchase to play?

In order to understand what hockey is, you need to talk about equipment. What do I need to purchase to play hockey?

What rules do you need to keep in mind?

So, let's move on to the next point of the question of what is ice hockey. The rules of the game are as follows:

These are the basic rules you need to know in order to play ice hockey. Naturally, there are many more rules and nuances that you should be aware of when playing such a game. For example, the gate cannot be moved.

Should I send my child to the hockey section?

Often, parents try to find out what hockey is for children. They need this in order to understand whether it is worth giving their child to the section to engage in this sport. This business has both pros and cons. For example, hockey will help the baby's sports development, make it stronger, etc. But among the minuses, one can single out a high injury risk. However, everyone must make their own choice.

The popularity of playing on ice

Hockey has gained widespread popularity in the modern world. Many bookmakers offer betting. Anyone can also bet on the total. And it cannot be said that there are few such people. in hockey? This is the total number of points or goals that will be achieved by a particular team.

What is the game played on the grass?

What is off-ice hockey? The game on the grass is a listed Olympic sporting event. Only the Field Hockey Federation, which is an international organization, can organize competitions in this game.

This game gained the greatest popularity in Great Britain and those countries that are former British colonies - Pakistan, India, Australia. In America and Canada, only college or university girls are fond of this type of hockey.

From the history of the sporting event

What is field hockey? They began to think about this even in Ancient Egypt and Greece. The Aztecs and the Japanese were also fond of it. The rules of this game were invented in England at the beginning of the 20th century. Since that time, there have been no major changes as such.

The first championship in this sport took place back in 1971. Since then, such competitions have been held constantly. In 1908, field hockey became an Olympic sporting event. Among men, competitions began to be held again from 1908.

In Russia, a similar game became popular around 1960. The first field hockey organization appeared around 1967. She became a member of the International Federation. However, in the USSR, this game did not become as popular as ice hockey.

What rules should you know?

Field hockey is played by athletes divided into two teams. Each has 11 people. The duration of one half is 35 minutes. The break between them is 10 minutes. As in other types of hockey, athletes use golf clubs. The gameplay involves attempts to score the ball into the opposing team's goal with a stick. Only the goalkeeper can touch the ball with his hands or feet. Other players are not allowed to take this step.

The game takes place on an artificial surface. Victory is awarded to the group of athletes who score more goals. If the score is equal, then a draw will be declared or extra time will be given. A dispute can also be resolved with a penalty kick.

Differences between the two sports

These are the basic rules that field hockey carries. As you can see, there are colossal differences between the above sports not only in coverage, but also in equipment. And the injury risk of these sports is seriously different in autumn. Hardly anyone would argue with the fact that ice hockey is many times more dangerous than field hockey.

Conclusion

But regardless of the differences, in essence the games are very similar. In addition, sport is sport - they need to be engaged in any of its manifestations. Therefore, one has only to wish good luck to those people who want to devote their lives to hockey. It doesn't matter if they play it on the grass or on the ice. I hope you now know what ice hockey is and how it differs from the same sport, only on the grass.

This discipline is considered one of the oldest sports, which appeared approximately in 2000 BC NS.

Historical monuments related to by 2000 BC and 1200— ad with a club and a ball.

The modern form of the game originated in schools and universities Great Britain in the middle of the 19th century. So, in 1861 in London arose first ice hockey club "Blackheath" Later, other organizations appeared. Before that in 1852 the rules of the game of field hockey were developed.

International Federation and other names of organizations

January 18, 1886- education of the official National Field Hockey Association. Gradually, this sport began to spread throughout Europe and Asia, and also gained popularity in the USA and Canada. ... In 1895 g. was held first international match between Ireland and Wales. A January 7, 1924 in France, it was decided to establish International Field Hockey Federation.

As for women's field hockey, then first club in 1876 was also educated in England at the University of Oxford.

In 1894 g. the National Field Hockey Association was formed in Ireland. At the beginning of the 20th century women's sports began to spread throughout the world and in 1926 year took place the first international meeting.

A in 1927 in the UK was formed International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations.

Is it an Olympic sport?

Since 1908 is part of the Olympic Games men's field hockey, since 1980 among women. The format of the competition has changed several times. For example, in 1908 and 1952 matches were played right through, and in 1920 and 1932- in a circular system. The rest of the games had a standard format. First the group stage, and then the playoff stage. At the Olympic Games, discipline was absent only in 1912 and 1924.

Photo 1. The match between the women's national teams of Czechoslovakia and Poland at the Olympic Games in Moscow in 1980.

What is the name of a special kind of game

A kind of field hockey - indro hockey that appeared in 1972 in Germany... Then it was played first tournament... The first World Cup was held in 2003, where medals in both the women's and men's categories were won by the German teams. The main differences from classic field hockey:

1. Coating... The match takes place on artificial turf, not on grass.
2. The size of the site. If field hockey requires a field with dimensions 55 * 91 m, then for indro hockey - 20 * 40 m.
3. Line-up... Indro hockey requires 6 people (5 field players and 1 goalkeeper), for field hockey it is necessary 11 players.
4. Time... The duration of the meeting is also different, in indrohockey 2 halves of 20 minutes.

How are matches between men and women held?

the main task- score more goals than the opposing team.

If the score is equal after the whistle, a draw remains, but in tournaments where an equal score is not provided extra time and shootout.

The match starts from the center of the field, with the athletes being placed on their halves of the site. After the referee blows the whistle, the competition begins.

Field players have the right to touch the ball flat side only and you must not touch the projectile with your hands and feet. Goalkeeper on the contrary, it is not prohibited to touch the ball with both hands and feet, but if the projectile is pinned to the goalkeeper or he deliberately kicks the ball with his hand, then a free throw is awarded.

Attention! A goal is counted only if the projectile hammered out of the circle.

As for outs, corners, goal kicks, everything is like in regular football. When the ball has gone away from the attacking team, the goal kick is taken. If from the national team occupying defensive position - corner.

The ball is out of bounds only when he is completely behind the side or front line. There are also penalty corners, they are assigned if there was a violation of the rules in the kick circle.

Contested ball the referee sets in case of interruption, the rally takes place from the place of interruption. Players' sticks must be down, then hit face of the subject over the projectile and play the ball.

The referees serve the match together, everyone is in their own half. They record violations, goals scored, control substitutions, signal the beginning and end of each half.

Exists European Hockey League, where only the elite teams of Europe play and, therefore, the rules for this confederation are different from the classic field hockey. EHL is playing 4 times, 17.5 minutes each. and five minute break, but in regular matches 2 stages 35 minutes each and rest between halves in 10 min.

There are also differences with regards to fines:

For minor violations, the referee demonstrates to the athlete green card and this is considered a warning.

If such a card is shown in the EHL, then the player sits on the penalty box for 2 min.

1. When the judge takes it out yellow card then the athlete is removed for 2-5 minutes, depending on the nature of the violation. In EHL - a player sits on the penalty box for 5-10 minutes.
2. Red card regardless of the league - removal before the end of the match with possible disqualification for the following games.

Organization of the Olympics and friendly matches

The organization of tournaments lies on the shoulders of the International Field Hockey Federation. This association includes 127 national federations... She is for such tournaments as:

One of the main advantages- a large number of friendly matches that help determine the current form of the team.

And the trainer at such meetings can try out various developments, see the shortcomings and choose optimal composition of the national team for upcoming official competitions.

Useful video

Check out the video that explains the rules of field hockey, from court requirements to fines.

Comparison with the "big brother"

More and more different kinds of sports appear in the world and everyone finds their spectator. Bandy has a lot of fans. After all, this kind of sport is close relative ice hockey and his fame is growing every year. This discipline is very popular in European countries. He not so hard and fast like ice hockey but also very entertaining and interesting.