Not every one of us can boast of free time to attend training outside the home. Therefore, an article about how to understand martial arts and master them at home should benefit many, since no one is safe from ill-wishers who may suddenly attack you in a dark alley or in the entrance of your high-rise building.

Hand-to-hand combat techniques

The most popular and simplest, in terms of technique, is hand-to-hand combat. In order to master self-defense techniques, you do not need a 180-degree split or any other superpowers.

For beginners, it is enough to have fists that are ready at any moment to repel the attacks of an attacker. Traditional in everyday life is a direct blow.

Punching your opponent in the nose, jaw or eye will help you gain an advantage in a surprise fight and will give you enough time to escape from the enemy's sight.

If you have never fought before, these types of blows can seriously injure your hand. Therefore, it is more correct to hit with an open palm. This way, you have a greater chance of causing serious injury to your ill-wisher rather than to yourself.

Another popular technique is the uppercut - an upward punch to the opponent's jaw. Its advantage is that it is much more powerful than a direct blow and is capable of knocking out an enemy.

Kickboxing techniques

For those who already have sufficient fists, but believe that this is not enough to knock out an enemy when left alone with him, kickboxing comes to the rescue - boxing in which kicks are used.

His technique is quite diverse, and in order to master the desired techniques, it is better to turn to video tutorials, which are sufficiently available on YouTube.com.

This type of martial arts is also suitable for girls. If you don't even plan to learn how to fight, kickboxing can be just a good way to lose excess weight. As they say, two birds with one stone.

Karate techniques

The most complex and professional style is karate. It will take more than one day or even a week to learn its techniques.

If you decide to become Bruce Lee at home, mentally prepare for daily and intensive training.

This type of martial arts is similar to kickboxing and emphasizes life-threatening kicks.

The stages of learning occur from the bottom up in the truest sense. First, hone your skills while sitting on the floor, striking back and forth with the ball of your toes and the edge of your foot. Below is an illustration of the fundamental techniques.

• kick to the side - eko-geri;
• back kick - ushiro-geri;
• hitting with the forearm from the inside out - uchi-uke.

What techniques should girls use?

All of the above styles that can be used in a street fight are not always suitable for girls.

Therefore, let us turn to what is considered prohibited in professional practice, but is so necessary to protect yourself in the alley.

Knee strike to the groin

There is perhaps no more effective or simpler way to deprive an attacker of his advantage.

You can also hit with your knee if you are standing too close to each other and with your feet if there is a distance between you.

This method of mutilation is suitable when a situation arises in which the enemy grabs the neck and presses it against the wall. If your hands are locked with your opponent’s, then with a sharp movement you can pull him towards you, while simultaneously striking him in the groin.

Eye gouging with fingers

Suitable if you are being strangled and your hands are free to strike back at your enemy. Use your strongest fingers on both hands – your thumbs. Place your palms around the enemy's head and begin to press in the eyes with all your might.

A sharp blow to the solar plexus

You can hit with either a fist or an open palm. By using this technique, you can buy yourself extra time to get away from your attacker, as the consequence is severe pain and difficulty breathing.

All of the above methods of struggle are permissible only when you are in real danger. They should not be used in school or for outdoor display.

Also, there is no need to behave like a special forces soldier and try to finish off your opponent. At the first opportunity, leave the scene of the accident as quickly as possible and go to safer and more crowded areas.

Basic set of hand-to-hand combat techniques (RB-1)

For military personnel of all branches of the Armed Forces and branches of the military. Includes techniques provided by the RB-N complex and additionally the following techniques: blow with a butt from below, blow with the butt plate of a butt, piercing and cutting blows with a knife, protection with a machine gun stand, hand strikes (straight, from the side, from above, from below), kicks (straight, to the side , from the side, back, from above), protection with the support of the hands, protection by beating with the forearms (edge ​​of the palm), protection with the support of the foot (heel, thigh), disarming the enemy when striking with a knife directly, from above, from below, release from the neck grab from the front and back, strangulation from behind , combinations of techniques and actions.

Special set of hand-to-hand combat techniques (RB-2)

For personnel of airborne troops, motorized rifle units and units, units and units of the Marine Corps, personnel of anti-sabotage formations, reconnaissance units and units, cadets of military schools and academies. Includes the techniques provided by the RB-1 complex and additionally the following techniques: blows with an infantry shovel, defense by beating with an infantry shovel, defense against a kick by moving to the side, disarming the enemy when hit with an infantry shovel from above or directly, backhand or poke.

Special set of hand-to-hand combat techniques (RB-3)

In NFP-87 and in the draft of the new NFP for personnel of reconnaissance units and units, cadets of military schools training officers for these units and units. Includes techniques provided by the RB-2 complex and additionally: painful holds, throws, disarming techniques, releases from various enemy holds, special techniques and actions.

Unfortunately, such special actions as searching and tying up the enemy are not included in the training program for military personnel of electronic warfare units, although these actions can be taught in one training session. Considering the importance of tying and searching in hand-to-hand combat, the manual reveals in detail the technique for performing them.

Chapter II

TECHNIQUES FOR PERFORMING HAND-HAND COMBAT TECHNIQUES AND METHODS FOR TEACHING THEM

Preparatory techniques and teaching methods

Preparatory techniques are certain actions that ensure high-quality training of military personnel for hand-to-hand combat. They include preparations for combat, movement, and self-insurance techniques.

Preparing for battle

Ready for battle is the most convenient position for conducting hand-to-hand combat with the enemy. It can be taken without weapons or with weapons.

To prepare for combat without weapons(Fig. 1) place your left leg one step forward and slightly bend both legs at the knees. Distribute your body weight evenly on two legs, tilt your torso slightly forward, bend your arms at the elbow joints, clench your fingers into a fist, tilt your head slightly forward. The right-hand preparation for battle is adopted similarly.

Rice. 1

To prepare for combat with weapons(Fig. 2) the position of the head, torso and legs is taken as preparation for combat without weapons. In this case, send the machine gun forward with the barrel and grab it with your left hand by the fore-end, and with your right hand by the neck of the butt. Keep the tip of the bayonet at neck height, with your right hand in front of the belt buckle.

To prepare for battle with an infantry shovel Bring your half-bent right hand with the shovel to the level of your left shoulder. Hold the shovel by the end of the handle with the tray facing up.

To prepare for a fight with a knife, take the knife in your right hand with the tip down, for a blow from above - the hand at chest height, for a blow from below - with the tip up, for a thrusting blow - with the tip forward, the hand at waist height, legs in a right-handed stance.

Rice. 2

Movement

Skillful execution of movements in hand-to-hand combat plays an important role in the timely adoption of the necessary combat position, starting position for attack or defense. Movements are performed by walking, jumping and running.

Step forward from the ready-to-fight position, it is performed with the front leg, the other leg is substituted at a distance that allows you to maintain a stable position of the body.

Step back performed with a standing leg from behind, from the toe to the entire foot.

Leap in progress from the front (right, left) or side (forward, backward) stance due to a sharp push off the ground with the far leg relative to the direction of the jump. Landing is carried out on the opposite leg, or on both legs. It is possible to jump backward with an almost simultaneous push with both legs and landing on both feet.

Jumping is the most effective way to get closer to an enemy or quickly move away from him.

Self-insurance techniques

Falling and tuck techniques that provide warning against bruises on the ground after throws, collisions, and painful holds in single combat with an opponent are called self-insurance techniques.

Grouping(Fig. 3) one of the main preparatory elements of self-insurance. Sit on the ground (carpet) and clasp your shins with both hands, spread your knees slightly, place your heels together, bend your body, lower your head, pressing your chin to your chest. Pulling your shins with your hands, bring your torso closer to your hips.

Fig.4

Fig.5

Falling forward(Fig. 6) From the front stand, fall forward onto your springy (due to the inferior work of the muscles) arms, slightly bent and elbows spread to the side.

Rice. 7

Falling backwards(Fig. 8) From the front stance, squatting and falling back, roll onto your back, softening your fall with a simultaneous pre-emptive blow to the ground with straight arms spread at an angle of 45 0.

Rice. 8

Fall to one side (Fig. 9) From the front stance, squatting and simultaneously twisting the body to the right (left), lower yourself to the ground with your right (left) buttock and roll in a tuck onto your right (left) side, having previously made a preemptive move with your straightened right (left) arm, and then with the right (left) thigh. Final position – lying on the right side; the right leg is bent at the knee and hip joint, the left leg stands in front of it with the entire foot, the lower leg is vertical; right hand on the ground, palm down, 15-25 cm from the knee; the left hand is raised up, the head is pressed to it.

Fig.10

Injections and blows with a machine gun

A thrust is one of the main methods of defeating an enemy in hand-to-hand combat. It is applied to parts of the body unprotected by equipment (neck, chest, stomach, back, side) quickly, deftly, forcefully and along the entire length of the bayonet.

Injections with a bayonet (poke with a barrel) without lunging(Fig. 11) - point the machine gun with both hands with the bayonet (barrel) at the target, pull out the bayonet and take the ready position for battle.

Hit with a magazine(Fig. 14) – applied with a sharp movement of the arms (automatically forward) away from oneself while simultaneously moving the body forward and straightening the leg standing behind.

Fig.14

Butt strike from the side(Fig. 15) – applied with a sharp angle of the butt to the jaw, temple, back of the head or side of the enemy. Moving the weapon with your right hand to the left, and with your left hand towards you, while simultaneously turning your body to the left, strike with the corner of the butt. At the moment of impact, the right leg can be placed slightly ahead of the left.

Rice. 16

Fig.17

Fig.18

Table 5.

Unarmed assault techniques include: punches, kicks, chokes, submission holds and throws.

Straight punches(Fig. 19) are applied with a fist or the heel of the palm; from the ready-to-fight position, push the leg to transfer the weight of the body to the front leg and, with a turn of the body, strike.

Hand strikes from the side, from below, from above(Fig. 20) are applied with a fist (the base of the fingers and the muscle part), the edge of the palm and the elbow.

Fig.19

Rice. 20

Basic striking parts of the hands

Kicks applied with the toe, instep, knee, foot, heel to the shin, knee joint, groin, liver area, head of the bent opponent. A lying opponent is struck in the head, base of the skull, lower back, tailbone, liver, solar plexus, heart, groin.

Kick straight(Fig. 21) is the main kick performed. It is applied from a left- or right-sided stance (less often a frontal one) by straightening the leg or swinging movement. Raising the thigh of the right leg forward upward (the foot is raised up with the heel towards the buttock), with a sharp movement, straighten the leg at the knee joint and strike the target with the toe (instep).

At the moment of impact, tense the abdominal and front thigh muscles as much as possible. The supporting leg is slightly bent; at the moment of impact, the foot does not lift off the ground, but turns on the toe with the heel forward. The arms, bent at the elbows, are sharply pulled back to intensify the blow. After the impact, the muscles immediately relax and the leg moves back.

Rice. 21

Side kick(Fig. 22) is applied from a medium and long distance with the foot, the outer edge of the foot and the heel to the shin, knee joint, stomach and lower back. The most effective blow to the knee joint is with the foot from the side.

From a fighting stance, pull the thigh up, the sole of the foot rises along the inner surface of the left leg to the knee. Turning the thigh, knee in the direction of the target and straightening the leg at the knee joint, strike in the shin with the edge of the foot, or in the knee from the side - with a punching blow of the foot, or in the hypochondrium (stomach) - with the heel (pull the toe towards you). At the moment of the blow, tense the leg muscles, slightly tilt the torso in the direction opposite to the blow, direct the arm of the same name (simultaneously with the movement of the leg) towards the target, lower the other arm closer to the groin in readiness to block a possible counter-strike. After the blow, relax the muscles and immediately get ready for battle.

Rice. 22

Hitting with the foot or heel from above(Fig. 23) are applied to the upper arch of the foot, to the shin - when the opponent grabs the torso from behind, to a lying opponent (after a throw) - from a short swing with sharp blows to the painful points.

Rice. 23

Knee strike from below applied when releasing grips from the front of the body. Without swinging, strike a bent opponent in the groin or face.

Back kick(Fig. 24) is applied with the foot, usually to the stomach of the attacking enemy. From a fighting left-sided stance, bend slightly forward, pull your right thigh to your chest and look back over your right shoulder, straighten your leg at the knee joint and hip joint with a sharp movement, and strike the opponent’s stomach with your foot.

Rice. 25

Fig.26

Hitting up with a machine gun(Fig. 27) is carried out with a sharp movement of both hands forward and upward without changing the grip of the machine gun with the left hand. At the moment of impact, the arms are tense, slightly bent, and the machine gun is turned with the magazine up.

Hitting the machine gun down to the right(Fig. 27) is performed by thrusting a weapon into the lower part of the body. Moving your left hand down to the right, and your right hand to the right, up, hit the weapon down to the right with the end of the barrel. At the moment of impact, the left arm is slightly bent, the machine gun is pointed to the right, the bayonet is at the height of the right knee, the right elbow is raised.

Fig.28
Rice. 29
Release from the capture of a machine gun by the enemy(Fig. 31) kick the enemy in the groin, turn sideways to the enemy and, kicking the knee (shin), snatch the weapon.

Rice. 33

Protection from a punch from below(Fig. 34) First method: performed with a stand (block) of the forearm of the left hand, followed by counter-strikes with the right hand to the head, the right knee to the groin or the rib of the foot to the shin (knee).

Rice. 34

Kick protection

Protection from underhand kicks(Fig. 35) is performed by placing the foot (hip) under the blow, after which a counter blow is delivered with the hand to the opponent’s head or torso.

Protection from kicks with a hand rest(Fig. 36) - meet the opponent’s leg with the forearms of straight crossed arms (when striking with the right leg, the right hand is on top), grab it by the heel with the right hand, bringing the foot into the elbow bend of the left hand, throw the opponent to the ground with a jerk upward, strike with the foot , step on the other foot and twist the trapped leg.

Fig.37

Defense against a kick by moving to the side(Fig. 38) when hitting the enemy with the right foot, step forward with the left to the left, turn to the right and grab the leg from below with your left hand. Raising it up, knock the opponent to the ground and kick.

Fig.39

Releasing an opponent's grip on the neck from the front(Fig. 40) Kick the opponent’s crotch (shin, foot), connecting his fists together and spreading his elbows to the sides, strike from the bottom up between the opponent’s arms. The upward movement of the arms should coincide with the active extension of the leg muscles. With a reverse movement of the arms from top to bottom, hit the opponent in the face or on the collarbones, and then, grabbing the clothes and pulling them onto yourself, hit him with the head in the face.

Fig.40

Training in unarmed defense techniques

Training in defense against punches and kicks is carried out using a group two-way method. A unit in a two-rank formation, one rank acts as the attacking enemy, the other rank acts as the defender.

After familiarization, the technique is learned in divisions: “For battle - PREPARE”, “On the count of “one”, the first numbers indicate a strike with the right foot in the lower abdomen, the second numbers, step with the left foot to the left forward, turn to the right and grab the leg from below with your left hand, do - ONCE " The leader must point out individual details, correct mistakes and give the command: “On the count of two, lift your leg up and knock the opponent to the ground, do TWO,” “On the count of three, mark a kick to the opponent, do THREE.”

In the process of mastering the technique, the technique of its implementation is no longer explained, but the command is given: “For battle - PREPARE, the first numbers perform defense against a kick by moving to the side, the second numbers - kick - KICK!”

As you master the technique of the technique, it is necessary to combine its implementation with other already mastered attacking or defensive actions and carry them out in the form of conditioned fights, while all actions of the partner must only be indicated, which is an indispensable condition that excludes traumatic injuries for those involved.

Techniques for disarming the enemy and teaching methods for them

In hand-to-hand combat, a situation may arise when an unarmed person has to act against an armed enemy.

Based on the position of the weapon and the nature of the enemy’s actions, one can determine his intentions and carry out a timely disarmament technique. As a rule, success will depend on an appropriate distance from the enemy, timely departure from the line of attack (if necessary), immediate subsequent strikes with a hand or foot, and the obligatory deprivation of his contact with the weapon. When disarming the enemy, it is necessary to use the inertia of his body’s movement to your advantage, correctly applying painful effects to the joints of the arms and legs.

Disarming techniques are divided into the following groups: techniques for disarming the enemy when stabbed with a bayonet, techniques for disarming the enemy when hit with an infantry shovel, techniques for disarming the enemy when stabbed with a knife, or threatened with a pistol.

Fig.41

Disarming the enemy when thrusting with a bayonet and moving to the right(Fig.42) – lunge with your right foot to the side, simultaneously turning your body to the left. Repel (retract) the barrel of the enemy's machine gun with the forearm of your left hand and grab it. Shift your body weight to your left leg, grab the weapon with your other hand and, at the same time as jerking the machine gun towards you, strike yourself with your foot in the side of your knee. Knock the enemy to the ground, strike him in the head with the butt plate of the butt, or point the barrel of the weapon at him.

Fig.43

Disarming the enemy when hit with an infantry shovel backhand or poke(Fig. 44) with a step forward to the side and turning towards the enemy, use your forearms to beat off the enemy’s armed hand on the backswing and grab it, strike with your foot, grab the handle of the shovel, disarm the enemy by twisting the shovel towards the thumb and strike the enemy on the head with the shovel.

All infantry shovel strikes have a greater or lesser swing. Therefore, to protect against such attacks, it is necessary to perform a leap towards the enemy in order to stop the blow at the very beginning of its trajectory. Or try to avoid defeat by moving quickly to the side from the line of attack.

Fig.44

Disarming an enemy when struck with a knife from above(Fig. 45) with a step forward, defend yourself with the forearm of your hand up under the blow of the enemy’s armed hand on the backswing, with the other hand grab his forearm from below in the area of ​​the elbow, kick him in the groin, pressing the forearm on the flat part of the blade outward, to disarm him. If necessary, applying pressure to the elbow, step back with your left foot to knock down the opponent, turn him face down, bend his arm behind his back and tie him up.

Fig.45

Disarming an enemy when striking with a knife from below or directly(Fig. 46) with a short step or leap forward to the left, leave the line of attack, block the enemy’s armed hand with the forearm of the left hand and grab his wrist. Immediately strike the painful point with your hand, move your armed hand away from you to the right and hit the back of the opponent’s hand with the base of your right palm to knock out the knife. Next, knock the enemy to the ground and tie him up.

Fig.46

Binding

Tying is used to limit the resistance of a captured enemy, for his escort and transportation. Tying is carried out, as a rule, after painful holds and throws. To do this, you need to knock the enemy face down to the ground. Kneel down and, tightly blocking the captured hand with your right thigh, sit astride your opponent. By applying painful pressure to the forearm of the captured hand, force the opponent to place the other hand behind his back. Blocking it with your left thigh, tie your hands.

arms behind your back, hands on top of each other;

Hands behind the head, hands crossed, the free end of the loop is tied to the waist belt.

Fig.48

For tying with rope(Fig. 49) a double tightening loop is used.

Fig.49

Linking options(Fig. 50)

Hands behind your back, hands crossed, rope passes through the neck or chest;

Hands behind your back, one on top, the other below;

Arms crossed on chest, hands behind back.

Fig.50

Binding with a trouser belt or rope for a fixed position. Knock your opponent face down on the ground. Bend your legs and cross them, put your hands behind your back and tie your right hand to your left leg, your left hand to your right leg.

To hinder the enemy's mobility, improvised means, for example, a stick, can be used. In this case, it is necessary to insert a stick into the sleeves of the jacket behind the prisoner’s back and tie the wrists of the hands to it, or tie the enemy’s hands in front and insert the stick into the elbow and popliteal folds of the arms and legs tied in front.

The basic elements of hand-to-hand combat are fulcrum, shoulder, and power. But these elements are manifested through the construction of forces involved in contact and in specific situations.

Mastering and understanding the basic elements of hand-to-hand combat is an absolutely mandatory condition for successful combat training. It is impossible to build a house on sand, it is impossible to build training in hand-to-hand combat without understanding and absolute mastery of basic movements and concepts.

A deep understanding and impeccable mastery of these elements is the only opportunity to understand and master the system of constructing movements in the shortest possible time. Naturally, this also implies strict and consistent adherence to the teaching methodology.

The basic elements of hand-to-hand combat include the concept of a stance and its various types, methods of moving in a stance, a section of acrobatics that requires practicing the skills of falls, rolls, somersaults, slides and escapes, and many other elements. In addition to the basic elements themselves, there are a significant number of preparatory and “leading” exercises that facilitate the understanding of movement and the gradual formation of correct motor skills. And if the number of basic elements is finite, then additional exercises are very variable and varied, since their main task is to facilitate preparation or correct irrational or incorrect motor skills that appear in this process.

When describing the basic elements, some of these exercises are given, but practitioners often come up with their own, individual options, looking for the most rational ways for their own physique to develop the right skills.

10.1. Basic stand

The basic stance is the optimally comfortable body position from the point of view of ergonomics and biomechanics, allowing you to perform the necessary actions in hand-to-hand combat. This stance is the main (training) one (Fig. 9a, b), and preparations for combat with or without weapons are derived from the basic stance (Fig. 9c).

When taking a basic stance, the feet are placed shoulder-width apart, which ensures the optimal size of the supporting platform, while the feet are parallel. The position of a light squat (legs slightly bent at the knees) ensures, thanks to the accumulation of elastic deformation energy in the ligaments and muscles, readiness for movement in any direction, including impact actions with optimal energy consumption. A straight back and pelvic tilt angle (40-45°) contribute to the uniform distribution of gravity, as well as the placement of the line of gravity in the center of the support platform (see Chapter I).

The shoulders are freely lowered, the head is slightly tilted. At the same time, the chin covers the throat (Adam's apple), and an optimal viewing angle is provided for the eyes (see Chapter I).

The arms at the top frame (Fig. 9a) are bent at the elbow joints. The elbows are slightly adjacent to the body, protecting the liver and spleen, and the fingers, being a continuation of the hands and forearms, are located at eye level. With the lower frame (Fig. 96), the hands are freely located along the inner or outer surface of the thighs. This arrangement of the hands ensures their greatest speed and accuracy of movements in the optimal working space with optimal efforts when meeting the enemy’s attacks or delivering various blows to him.

Due to the fact that each person has his own, individual anthropological data, we do not require strict imitation when performing this or that action, therefore, when practicing various exercises, including the stance, each student will have its own, special external form. It is on the basis of this condition that everyone undergoing training is required to have a clear understanding of the moments that determine the stance: the area of ​​the support platform, the location of the center of gravity, the position of the body (back), the position of the head (chin and eyes).

10.2. Movements in the rack

Movements in a standing position are the absolute foundation of actions in hand-to-hand combat, the nature of the movements determines the “pattern” of the fight, and the level of proficiency in these skills (accuracy, speed, stability) largely determines the success of other, attacking and defensive actions.

Movements in hand-to-hand combat are determined by the situation and can be quite different. The main ones are turns (turning towards an enemy who is behind or to the side, taking a body position at an angle to the enemy’s attack) and steps. Steps, in turn, can be performed in various ways: step, substep, step away, step with substep, jump, bounce, jump and others.

No explanation is required for the step technique - this is a normal variable step, similar to the one we use to move outside combat conditions. Exactly the same simple actions are the sub-step and the step-back, with which we either move closer or move away from the selected target, without changing the position of the legs relative to each other and slightly stretching or reducing the width of the stance.

One of the main ways of moving is a step with a substep. At first glance, this element seems very difficult and needs to be given close attention, since, firstly, it is really quite complex, and secondly, it is one of the “keys” in mastering the system of constructing movements. With the right methodological approach, this element is absorbed in the shortest possible time.

This element is executed as follows:

– from the basic stance or ready to fight (Fig. 10a), place one of the legs with the heel to the heel of the other leg, in this case, right to left, and turn your hips in the direction of the chosen movement (Fig. 10 b). In this way, we position ourselves at an angle to the enemy’s attack, which, even if a blow is missed, ensures the rebound of its striking parts and the dissipation of the kinetic energy of the blow tangentially;

– take a step with the front foot, in this case the left one (Fig. 10c). With this movement we reduce the distance with the enemy, ensuring the addition of the velocities of the two bodies in the event of striking a “failed” enemy.

It should be noted that, depending on the situation, this step may not be taken (there is no need or you simply did not have time);

– step up (restore the supporting platform) or step back in the cases described above.

Performing a “step with a substep” allows you to stand at an angle to the direction of the enemy’s attack and at the same time reduce the distance with him, i.e. make contact.

It is important to note that when acquiring a certain skill in maintaining one’s stable position, restoring balance, as well as controlling the movement of the enemy, one can abandon many unnecessary movements and use only turning the body, twisting the hips with or without a slight squat, moving only the arms or legs, etc.

It is necessary to once again pay attention to the fact that all the exercises and technical actions described in this section are basic elements, which means that the level of their assimilation must be unconditional and thorough. Otherwise, it is impossible to build a stable system of motor skills.

10.3. Lower acrobatics

Lower acrobatics in hand-to-hand combat is a section that includes the technique of safe falls, rolls, somersaults, crawling, sliding and much more.

If we consider it from the point of view of its functional purpose, then this is a set of actions used to leave the enemy’s attack line, reduce the distance with him, perform a maneuver, deceive, covertly approach the enemy, strike, select weapons and improvised means and throw them, as well as the goal is to protect yourself from possible injuries from various falls.

10.3.1. Falls

Falls can be performed on the chest, on the back, on the side (left, right), on the back with a turn. At the initial stage of training, these elements should be practiced first from the basic stance, and then from

any position, so as not to form a persistent habit of being “tied” to a single starting position. Those who have experience in sports self-insurance must be trained to work even more thoroughly than others. This is due to the fact that these falls are used in conditions far from those of a sports hall and “appealing” to the fixed technique of sports self-belays can seriously fail in a combat situation.

If you fall on your chest (Fig. 11), you must:

from the basic stance (Fig. Pa), lowering the pelvis down (Fig. 116), throw your legs back and to the sides and land on your arms bent at the elbow joints and extended in front of your chest. The elbows should be spread to the sides (Fig. Iv). Hand contact with the surface begins in the following sequence: fingertips - fingers - palms - inner surfaces of the forearms. Due to this, the energy of the fall is effectively absorbed and smooth and silent shock absorption is achieved.

When falling to the side (left, right), you need to twist from the basic stance (Fig. 12a) at the hips (Fig. 12b) and, throwing your legs bent at the knees to the side (left or right) (Fig. 12c), land on your hands, like when falling on your chest. Often, at the initial stage of training, there is a tendency for students to hyperextend and stiffen the elbow joint, especially the arm on the side of the fall. This can cause injury because the shock absorbing capacity of the arm's lever system is disabled. You need to pay attention to this. In this case, the legs bent at the knees should make an angle of = 90° with each other, the angle between the thigh of the bent leg and its shin should also be = 90°, which is necessary to prevent damage to the knee joints. The head should be raised (Fig. 12d).

When falling on your back from a basic stance (Fig. 13a), squat down, extend either leg forward (depending on which direction the fall occurs) and “sit” on the heel of the supporting leg with the thigh opposite to this leg (Fig. 13b, 13c). In this case, the right thigh onto the left heel. The right hand reaches behind the heel of the right foot, helping to round the back (Fig. 13d). After this, roll over the unilateral latissimus muscle (Fig. 13e) and roll over onto your entire back (Fig. 13e), tucking your feet under you. This pressing extinguishes the energy that throws the legs up. The chin must be pressed to the chest. Do not rest your hands on the surface at the moment of contact.

10.3.2. Rifles

Rolls at the initial stage of training are both preparatory exercises for actions with weapons and warm-up exercises. In addition, they develop in students such a quality as dexterity.

Rolling on your knees is carried out from the starting position “sitting on your knees” (Fig. 14a). To make a movement, for example, to the left, you need to straighten your left leg and lower yourself onto your right thigh (Fig. 14b). After this, turn around on your left hip, bending your left leg at the knee and straightening your right leg (Fig. 14c). Next, stretch behind the straightened right leg and sit on your knees (Fig. 14d). During movement, the hands are constantly on the knees, and the eyes look at the surrounding environment. The exercise ends in a position where the student is turned by force relative to the original direction.

The prone roll can be performed either from a sitting position on your knees or from a basic stance.

From a sitting position on your knees (Fig. 15a), you need to lower yourself (while moving to the left) onto your right side following the straightened left leg (Fig. 15b). After this, roll over onto your entire back, leaving your legs bent at the knees (Fig. 15c). To continue the movement, it is necessary, turning on the left side, to pull the left leg bent at the knee to the chest, and with the right hand to reach for the straightened right leg (Fig. 15d). After this, sit on both knees (Fig. 15e).

It must be remembered that during rolls the elbows should not come into contact with the surface, much less hit it. To do this, they must be tucked into the fold between the thigh and the body.

Roll in the other direction in the same way.

Performing a roll from a basic stance differs only in the presence of a squat phase.

10.3.3. Somersaults

Somersaults (forward, backward) are performed from the main (basic) stance or from the knee (Fig. 16a). When performing a forward somersault with arms extended in different directions, a step is taken forward with either leg bent at the knee. The arms are spread forward and in different directions, and the second leg pushes (Fig. 16b).

The head is tilted under the shoulder opposite to the one through which the somersault is carried out. Contact with the surface begins with the fingers (hands) and continues through the forearms and shoulder (Fig. 16c). The head should under no circumstances be in contact with the surface, and the described bending under the shoulder takes it away from the trajectory of movement.

The arms rotate in the direction of movement at the shoulder joints, and the main contact of the body with the surface falls on the back of the deltoid muscle (Fig. 16d). Due to twisting of the hips, contact with the surface continues along the line “supporting shoulder (deltoid muscle) - opposite thigh,” i.e. goes diagonally across the back.

The pushing leg at the last stage is a swing leg (Fig. 16d). Due to the swing, one exits the somersault into a stance with a turn along the direction of rotation on the left (in this case) foot (Fig. 16f) or performs another action (some kind of fall, transition to another somersault, etc.).

When performing a forward somersault with arms extended to one side from the base stance (Fig. 17a), a step is taken forward, and the arms are extended to the left with rotation at the shoulder joints at the moment of contact with the surface, the head is deflected in the same direction (Fig. 17b, c) .

The main contact with the surface (at the moment of “landing”) begins in the same way as in the previous somersault, from the back of the deltoid muscle and continues diagonally to the opposite thigh (Fig. 17d, e).

Exiting a somersault is performed in the same way as in the previous case: with a turn in the direction of rotation on the left (in this case) foot (Fig. 17f).

When performing a back somersault from the basic stance (Fig. 18a), perform a deep squat and twist your hips in the direction chosen for the somersault (Fig. 18b). After this, fall onto your back, rolling along it diagonally “the thigh that came into contact with the surface is the opposite shoulder” (Fig. 18c). At the same time, the arms are scattered in different directions at an angle of 90° to the body and rotated at the moment of the coup over the supporting shoulder. When performing a swing, the legs are thrown behind the head (Fig. 18d). At the same time, the head deviates in the direction opposite to this shoulder (Fig. 18e).

Exit from a somersault is carried out into a basic stance or into a derivative to perform some action (Fig. 18e).

10.3.4. Movements at the lower level

There are various movements at the lower level. You need to know them in order to quickly get up after a fall, move to a more comfortable position or behind cover, defend yourself or strike an enemy, throw a knife or any improvised means at him, fire in different directions, etc. Let's look at some of them.

Preparatory exercise for the star movement

The starting position is lying face down (Fig. 19a). Starting the exercise, you need to move your right leg (in this case), bending at the knee joint, under your left leg (Fig. 19b). Leaning on your right hand and throwing your left, turn your whole body over your left shoulder and take the position of resting on the surface with your hands and feet, and your back down (Fig. 19c).

After this, continuing the movement, bring the bent left leg under the right (Fig. 19d), turn to face the surface and take the starting position (Fig. 19d). The exercise must be performed confidently in both directions.

Star movement

From the starting position “lying on your back” (Fig. 20a), when moving to the right, you need to twist in the pelvis and bring your left leg bent at the knee under your right leg, while simultaneously turning on your left side (Fig. 20b). Continuing the movement, take the “lying on your stomach” position (Fig. 20c). After this, continuing to rotate in the chosen direction, turn on your right side, stretching your right leg under the knee bend of your left (Fig. 20d). This is the next intermediate position. The final phase is a turn onto your back (Fig. 20e).

It is necessary to achieve this exercise in a smooth, continuous and unified movement, without pauses, jerks or freezing. The intermediate positions indicated in the illustrations are not at all moments of stopping, and each subsequent movement should flow smoothly from the previous one.

An important requirement is the correct organization of the field of view during movement. The student’s eyes should survey the entire space around him, and the weapon in his hands should preferably be directed in the direction of his gaze.

In general, it would be appropriate to note here that it is necessary to get students to complete all exercises without fixing their gaze on an arm or leg performing any important movement. All exercises should be brought to such a stage of mastery that their most difficult moments do not require visual control over the actions of the body. In combat, shifting your attention from your surroundings to your own body can be fatal.

Exercise "falling by sliding"

From the “standing” position (Fig. 21a), squat down, twist at the hips in the chosen direction and, depending on this, extend your right or left leg (in this case the left) at a sharp angle towards the surface on which you fall (Fig. 21b ).

After this, while continuing to squat, it is advisable to begin the contact of the leg with the surface by lifting the foot, and arms - as if falling to the side. The leg rotates and contacts in the following sequence: “the instep of the foot - the outer side of the lower leg - the front side of the thigh” (Fig. 21c).

At the moment of contact of the hip with the surface, a rollover occurs on the stomach and chest, and the arms, preventing a hard impact on the surface, continue to move the body by repulsion in the direction of the accumulated inertia (Fig. 21d). The final phase of this fall allows the student, after completing the slide, to perform various flips and other movements and actions in the direction chosen according to the situation.

The given exercises are trained without weapons and with weapons, with open and blindfolded eyes, both on a smooth surface and with overcoming obstacles, for example, on a regular combined arms obstacle course.

10.4. Methodological techniques for better understanding of the topic

Training mastery of the topic begins with practicing the basic stance and its derivatives. The teacher explains and demonstrates the correct positioning of a basic stance with an upper and lower frame, as well as how to control this stance. Students are offered the main control of the correctness of the stance - an exercise against the wall.

Standing close to the wall with his face, the student should touch it with the following points:

– toes;

– knees;

– chest, with the lower frame;

– forearms, with the upper frame;

- forehead. After learning the correct stance, students are encouraged to remember the “body feel” that accompanies the correct stance and learn to quickly and naturally transition from a relaxed body position to an upper and lower frame stance.

After practicing the acceptance of the stance, the issues of movements in the stance begin to be worked out: step, step, turn, step with a substep, jump, lunge, etc.

When practicing movements in the basic stance, the teacher must concentrate the students’ attention on maintaining a rational, from an ergonomic point of view, arrangement of body parts. The arms and legs should be placed in a position that allows for the fastest and most precise movements with optimal energy expenditure. The position of the head and eyes should provide an optimal viewing angle, and the position of easy “sucking up” should accumulate the energy of elastic deformation in the muscles and ligaments to maintain mobility and efficiency in movement (see Part I).

After practicing falls, rolls and somersaults are studied. These are more complex exercises and should be learned from preparatory exercises. For example, a lying roll begins to be studied with a sitting roll, and somersaults from a standing position with somersaults from the knee or special preparatory exercises while lying down. Next, various combinations are made from the basic elements (preferably by the students themselves - for a more individual study of “weak” moments). For example, from a stance, fall onto your chest, roll over onto your back, somersault back over one shoulder, then over the other, fall onto your side, etc. The main requirement when performing such combinations: each subsequent movement must be smooth and logical, without disturbing the general mechanics of successive transitions, stem from the final phase of the previous one. This develops the ability to control your body, feel your rhythm, and also develops the vestibular apparatus and spatial perception.

After a stable skill in performing these elements has been formed, they can be transferred from the main part of the training to the section of warm-up-night exercises, for which they will serve a dual role - both to warm up the muscles at the beginning of the training and to maintain the skill at the required level.

At the final stage of studying this topic, it is necessary to train students in the use of lower acrobatics when selecting weapons, improvised means and when overcoming obstacles. Obstacles can be made up of various sports equipment (horse, goat, benches, parallel bars, mats, etc.) if classes are held in a gym, or use a standard obstacle course.

11. Captures and releases from them

11.1. General provisions

Grabs are an integral part of hand-to-hand combat and are used to limit the enemy’s mobility, control his body, as the initial phase of throws, knocking over, disarming, tying, etc. Therefore, the ability to free oneself from the enemy’s grips is an equally integral condition for successful hand-to-hand combat.

In this case, it is necessary to consider at least two aspects of the approach to combating seizures: in the first case, this is the desire to free oneself from the seizure (to free a captured limb or part of the body), in the second, the use of the emerging biomechanical system of two bodies for one’s own purposes.

As for the actions against the grip itself, it makes sense to consider “local” actions, for example, when grabbing the wrists. The fundamental thing is to decompose the holding force into its components. As a result of this decomposition, two conditions that really matter come to the fore - the directions of action and the magnitude of the holding force. Further movement will depend on the orientation of the hands in space and is aimed at limiting the mobility of the opponent’s elbow and shoulder joints. In this regard, working against wrist locks is a very clear illustration.

In addition, an important point is to create a “fulcrum” in the place where the opponent’s hand actually makes the grab. To do this, it is necessary to “load” the opponent’s hands, lean on them due to the pushing force. In this case, this push should be performed with the legs (!), coming from the feet firmly resting on the ground.

From the point of view of the mechanics of the human body, the grip is an external connection that limits the number of degrees of freedom of the body. As noted in Part I, the human body is a complex biomechanical structure with 244 degrees of freedom. However, when performing a capture, the enemy also limits his degrees of freedom. As a result of capture, a biomechanical system of two bodies is formed, each of which, within the resulting system, solves opposing problems. Through it, the person performing the grab seeks to limit the opponent’s mobility, unbalance his structure, disrupt stability and ultimately lead him to a helpless state.

The captured, through the received connection, using the efforts exerted by the enemy, also seeks to unbalance his system, disrupt stability, open the capture and inflict defeat. Obviously, the winner is the one who, under the influence of the enemy, while at the same time acting on him, will be able to maintain his own stability, either by preventing its violation, or by restoring it through the use of the enemy’s influencing structure.

It should be noted such a property of meshed mechanisms as engagement rigidity. This property assumes that any movement of an element of the first of the meshed mechanisms will necessarily be transferred in one form or another to the elements of the other mechanism. Therefore, when releasing grips, the main focus is on working with your own body, rather than directly influencing the opponent’s body.

There are a huge number of possible grips and options for using them or breaking them. Therefore, it would be more appropriate to consider the basic principles of liberation from seizures (i.e., working against the seizure itself or using it for one’s own purposes) and some options for subsequent actions. The options listed below should not be considered rigid “techniques”, but should be considered precisely as possible options for solving the situation.

11.2. Releasing a two-handed wrist grip

Example 1 (Fig. 22)

Situation (Fig. 22a): the opponent makes a two-handed grab on both wrists in a frontal position.

Solution (Fig. 226 - 22c): when releasing, you need to turn your body back and to the right while simultaneously lowering the center of gravity (squatting), applying force with your hands according to the “pair of forces” principle (with your right hand, pulling the opponent in the direction of movement of your right leg down, and with your left leg - away from you in a circle upward) (Fig. 226). The liberator works with the body and the weight of his body, and not with the strength of his arms. The hands only rotate at the points of contact with the opponent’s hands, trying to cover the opponent’s forearm (right) and prevent him from breaking the grip until the situation is finally resolved, or raise his hand (left) and also switch to his own grip with the freed hand. Continuing to squat and turn the core

Pus and arms, released, throws the enemy off balance, twisting him in the spine (Fig. 22c). The enemy loses stability and falls (for more details, see pp. 93-97, Fig. 4a - 4g).

Final (Fig. 22d): a striking blow is dealt to the fallen enemy.

Let's consider the work of the hands separately.

In this situation (Fig. 23a), at the moment of squatting, the forearms remain at the original level. The elbows dropped and allowed the hands and forearms to work more freely. The right hand or fist is pulled towards itself (Fig. 23b) and rotates inward against the thumb of the opponent’s holding hand, and the left hand is rotated in the opposite direction for possible grabbing of the opponent’s hand (Fig. 23c).

All these manual actions are performed against the backdrop of stepping back and turning the body back and to the right. Thus, the enemy is “stretched” and “loaded” in the chosen direction. The clamping is carried out as shown in Fig. 23

Example 2 (Fig. 24)

Situation: the opponent makes a two-handed grip on both wrists in a frontal position.

Solution: when a situation arises, the person being released, turning back and to the left, crouches down and brings his hands together, turning them inward towards himself (Fig. 24 a) and grabs the wrist of the opponent’s right hand with his right hand. Thus, he “turns off” as many degrees of freedom as possible in the opponent’s right hand and begins to unbalance him. The enemy's resistance causes sharp pain in the shoulder joint.

In order to prevent the opponent from stepping up (and this may allow him to “counter” the painful impact) or from bending the attacked arm at the elbow joint (which will weaken the painful impact), it is necessary to continue to turn the body along with the arms in the direction set by the left leg, while simultaneously lowering own center of gravity (Fig. 24b). The opponent, obeying the painful effect, loses his balance and, twisting in the spinal column, begins to fall (see pp. 93-97, Fig. 4a - 4g). Final: after the fall, the enemy is dealt a finishing blow (Fig. 24c).

Example 3 (Fig. 25)

Situation (Fig. 25a): the opponent makes a two-handed grab on both wrists in a frontal position.

Solution: the person being released steps with his left foot close to the opponent’s right leg, while simultaneously rotating his own left arm: with the hand down towards himself, and with the elbow up towards the opponent (Fig. 25b). As a result of this movement, the left elbow of the person being released covers the opponent's right hand. Thus, close contact was formed with the enemy in the area of ​​the knee and the pinched forearm. Using the resulting leverage, the person being released squats, pressing his left knee into the opponent’s popliteal fold, and with his left hand directs his elbow behind him and down (Fig. 25c). The right hand goes up, increasing the twisting of the opponent's spinal column. As a result of the imbalance of the system, the enemy falls (see pp. 93-97, Fig. 4a - 4g).

Final: after the enemy falls, you must finish off (Fig. 25d).

11.3. Relief from painful holds on the arm

Example 1 (Fig. 26)

Situation (Fig. 26a): the opponent is trying to perform a painful hold by hyperextending the elbow joint through his forearm. At the same time, he acts on the hand with his forearm from the bottom up, stretching and bending the defender’s arm.

Solution: the defender straightens his back and steps towards the opponent’s leg farthest from him. This movement relieves pressure on the captured arm and reduces pain.

Next, the captured hand begins to rotate inward from the attack side (Fig. 26b) - in this case, clockwise. It is important that the shift occurs with the whole body at the same time, and not with just the shoulders. Thanks to this, a rigid structure is created and the enemy’s center of gravity shifts. Holding tightly to the attacked hand, he limits himself in movements, interferes with himself and, obeying the given movement, begins to fall (Fig. 26c). The defender’s right leg also plays a role, blocking the direction of movement necessary to restore balance.

The defender crouches, continuing to rotate his arm, smoothly twisting it near the surface towards himself (Fig. 26d). The enemy falls.

Final: a knocked down enemy can be finished off or tied up (Fig. 26e).

Example 2 (Fig. 27)

Situation: the opponent is trying to apply a painful lever of the elbow behind the back (Fig. 27a).

Solution: in order to free yourself from the grip, it is necessary to create a closed biokinematic chain, i.e. in this case, grab the forearm or shoulder of the left with your right hand, press your hands tightly to your back and straighten it (Fig. 27b). This action limits the degrees of freedom in the opponent’s hand and creates a painful lever on his elbow joint.

At the same time, you need to step back with your right foot (Fig. 27c) and turn back and to the right with your whole body. Thus, the enemy’s center of gravity shifts and, unable to cope with the loss of balance, he overturns (see pp. 93-97, Fig. 4a - 4g).

Final: after this the enemy can be finished off (Fig. 27d).

Example 3 (Fig. 28)

Situation: the opponent tries to apply a painful lever to the wrist joint, for which he fixes the defender’s elbow with an emphasis on his stomach (Fig. 28a).

Solution: To free yourself, you must step on the attacker with your left foot and turn around to face the enemy, while simultaneously striking the eyes with the fingers of your left hand (Fig. 28b). The attacked hand comes out from the emphasis into the stomach following the turned body (Fig. 28c), which also relieves the painful effect on the hand.

Continuing the started movement, the liberated person rotates behind the stepping right leg, crouches, influencing the enemy according to the principle of a “pair of forces” (“left hand - eyes, right hand - shoulder”) (Fig. 28d). The enemy cannot cope with the loss of stability and falls (see pp. 93-97).

Final: the fallen enemy remains to be finished off (Fig. 28d).

11.4. Release from neck (throat) grabs

Example 1 (Fig. 29)

Situation: the opponent holds a chokehold on the neck (Fig. 29a).

Solution: The choking effect of the grip must be immediately reduced. To do this, you need to grab the attacking hand by the elbow with your left hand and move the opponent’s elbow onto your Adam’s apple. This will reduce the pressure on the carotid artery, which provides the main danger of this seizure. At the same time, grab the opponent by the collar (or hair, shoulder) with your right hand, and then, squatting and straightening your back, restore your own balance (Fig. 29b).

After this, having created a fulcrum in your right shoulder and lifting it, apply the principle of a “pair of forces” (elbow - collar or hair) and begin to overturn the enemy (Fig. 29c).

Final: at the moment of the fall, without breaking contact with the enemy, finish him off (Fig. 29d).

Example 2 (Fig. 30)

Situation: the opponent holds a chokehold on the neck (Fig. 30a).

Solution: The choking effect of the grip must be immediately reduced. To do this, with your right hand, move the bend of the opponent’s elbow onto your Adam’s apple, and with your left hand, grab him (the opponent) by the corner of the jaw (throat, eyelid, corner of the mouth, etc.). At the same time, to restore your stable position, you need to squat down, straightening your back (Fig. 30b). After this, using a “couple of forces” (the elbow grabbed by the right hand - the head) and limiting the enemy’s movements with your extended and deployed knee, begin to overturn him (Fig. 30c).

Final: after the fall the opponent achieves (Fig. 30d).

Example 3 (Fig. 31)

Situation: the opponent grabs the throat with both hands in a frontal position (Fig. 31a).

Solution: it is advisable to strike the painful area (in this case, the solar plexus) (Fig. 31b). After this, grab the opponent’s right elbow with your right hand and at the same time, turning your right leg back, sit down and grab the opponent’s hair with your left hand (Fig. 31c). Next, we “stretch” the enemy in the direction of the applied “couple of forces” (elbow - head) following the stepping left leg of the freed one (Fig. 31d). Final: the opponent who has lost stability and fallen achieves the goal.

Example 4 (Fig. 32)

Situation: the opponent grabs the throat with both hands in a frontal position (Fig. 32a).

Solution: The defender needs to deliver a distracting blow with his right foot to the knee joint of the opponent’s left leg and grab the opponent’s forearm, hand, elbow or shoulder with his left hand and pull him towards himself and down. At the same time, turn your body to the left and use your right hand to influence the opponent’s forearm, elbow, shoulder, chin or eyes from yourself upward, i.e. apply a “couple of forces”, in this case: the elbow of the right hand - the shoulder of the left hand (Fig. 32b).

Continuing to squat and turn around, the liberated person finally removes the opponent (his center of gravity) from the equilibrium position, and he begins to fall (Fig. 32c).

Final: the fallen opponent achieves (Fig. 32d).

Example 5 (Fig. 33)

Situation: the opponent grabs the throat with both hands in a frontal position (Fig. 33a).

Solution: the defender strikes the painful area (ears) (Fig. 33b), after which the opponent’s hand is fixed at the point of capture, i.e. a fulcrum is created. At the same time, by rotating the other hand (left) up and down, the tendons of the hand and forearm are pinched (Fig. 33c). In addition, rotating the arm will “switch off” the freedom of the elbow joint and will not allow the arm to bend. These actions are accompanied by a simultaneous turn (in this case: back and to the right) and a squat, lowering the center of gravity (Fig. 33d). The opponent, submitting to the painful effect on the wrist and involved in the movement by turning the freeing body, falls (Fig. 33e) (see pp. 93-97).

Final: the overturned enemy must be finished off.

Thus, the considered examples allow us to identify two main ways of freeing ourselves from grips:

by opening the grips using levers that ensure the application of their own force on a shoulder that is several times greater than the grip arm;

– unbalancing the opponent, disrupting his balance, bringing him into a position that forces him to release the grip to restore balance or self-insurance when falling.

These methods, depending on the situation and the capture option, can be used in pure form or in combination with each other.

It should be noted that a characteristic element of the technique of releasing grips in this system is the use of the energy of movements used to escape from grips in order to carry out further counterattack actions.

11.5. Methodological techniques for better understanding of the topic

During the initial introduction to this topic, the teacher needs to tell students that grips, by their nature and function, are divided into:

– constraining movements,

– painful,

- suffocating.

This is where the methods of their use follow. Next, the teacher, using examples, must demonstrate the practical application of the principles set out in the theoretical part of this book: the use of all three types of levers (levers of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd types), the use of the “pair of forces” principle, the location of pain points and zones of active damage on the body of opponents of various types constitutional make-up. It is necessary to show the methods and directions of efforts that make it possible to pull the joints (primarily the large joints of the hands) from the joint capsules, to explain in detail how the degrees of freedom of the captured limb are limited when using various levers. This is especially important when using various types of painful grips. Trainees should then practice using the grips correctly.

It is advisable to begin releasing from grips by releasing training (from a practical point of view) grips on the hands - with two hands on two wrists, one hand on the wrist (same and opposite grips), two hands on one forearm. In each specific case, the teacher must focus students’ attention on the mechanics of release, the correct use of levers, i.e., demonstrate the location of the fulcrum in the opponent’s grip, the point of application of forces, the shoulder of each of the applied forces, their vector, and then logically continue the theoretical disclosure of the material with practical using methods to throw the enemy off balance. For example, when grabbing the hands, in order to throw the opponent off balance, you need to involve him in the movement by turning your body, combined with a squat to the required level. The direction, angle of turn and level of the squat are selected depending on the grip of the enemy, the distance to him and the position of the bodies. Simultaneously with these movements, it is necessary to grab the opponent’s holding hand (in this case, the hand) and turn off all degrees of freedom in the links of this hand (hand - forearm - shoulder), pulling the joints out of the articular joints and twisting them (wrist - elbow joint - shoulder bag). An important point in these actions is maintaining the stability and geometry of your own stand. Thanks to a stable position and the correct use of movements of one’s own center of gravity, the fighter uses energy most optimally, performing the bulk of the work not with the strength of the arms and muscles of the shoulder girdle, but with the correct use of body weight.

While explaining and demonstrating the mechanics of releasing grips, the teacher should also focus on the use of the “couple of forces” principle, which creates additional torque and ultimately knocks over the opponent.

Such a combination of practical demonstration with theoretical justification of movements allows students to form a “vision” of the correct direction for unbalancing the enemy from the very first lessons.

A mandatory requirement when practicing this issue: the grips must initially be held freely to give your partner the opportunity

“feel” the correct direction of application of effort when controlling the opponent’s body and better understand the application of the laws of mechanics during release.

It is necessary to practice releasing grips no more than 5-7 times per grip in order to eliminate the possibility of the emergence of a rigid dynamic stereotype.

As the educational material is mastered, more “real” grips begin to be introduced into the training work (arms, legs, clothes, head, hair, body, etc.), and grips in such work should also be used as restraining ones. movements, both painful and suffocating.

After students learn how to hold and release grips in a static position, they must immediately move on to practicing the training section in a dynamic version, allocating time in each lesson to consolidate the skill using the “flow” methods and the circular method.

Students must constantly pay attention to key points: lowering their own center of gravity by “planting”, turning off the freedom of the opponent’s joints by twisting along long axes, maintaining freedom of their own movements, flexibility and variability of work.

It is necessary to always refer to the material on pages 93-97 (Fig. 4a - 4g), the diagrams on pages 113, 116. In addition, when demonstrating each technical action, it is necessary to explain and demonstrate levers, fulcrum points, and the direction of the applied forces.

In addition, after the first few lessons, it is advisable to introduce (depending on the speed at which the group masters the topic) additional tactical requirements, namely: impact on painful zones and points, psychological impact. Such influence should be based on one of the basic tactical rules: before you begin to free yourself, you must divert the enemy’s attention with some kind of distracting blow or pinching, shouting or other action.

The teacher must constantly remind students that when gripping and releasing them during training, the impact on

pain areas and points should be mild and short-lived. The effectiveness of the impact should be assessed by the pain experienced by the partner. It is methodologically justified for the partner to signal the occurrence of pain, but not earlier than they approach the threshold of pain tolerance.

In addition to the above, trainees must be constantly required to finish off an overturned, fallen opponent. The last requirement retains its importance both when working on this topic and when working on all subsequent ones. Such a requirement accustoms one to the obligatory completion of hand-to-hand combat to its logical conclusion (until death or temporary incapacitation of the enemy). We must not forget: even a mortally wounded enemy is dangerous.

Good day, Soldiers! In this blog, I mainly lay out a comprehensive system of training a fighter based on key elements, without bothering too much with any specific hand-to-hand combat techniques. But many people are interested in these, aren’t they? Therefore, let’s correct this omission and in a short series of articles we will introduce the reader to some actions: small complexes of combat sequences - simple, understandable, easy to learn, which can be successfully applied in small skirmishes on the street .

Of course, after careful and thoughtful study of these techniques

I know that many people are interested in the following question: “Is there a universal technique in nature: one that alone would replace the entire system of fighter training and would be equally well suited to all combat situations?” Such questions do not appear out of nowhere, but, for example, from a lack of free time, when a person cannot fully train, but the need for his own safety has already appeared, or maybe simply because someone simply does not want to sweat during training and he he just wants to solve the problem in one fell swoop: so he’s looking for a “magic wand” that doesn’t exist.

Semi-universal techniques and actions - they exist, yes! Examples include Konten's corkscrew movements, which can be used both in strikes and defensive actions, as well as in throws and unbalances. Or the cloud movements of Shou-dao, which allow you to block and deflect to the side even the enemy’s blows that were not noticed by the performer. One can also recall the universal defensive movements from the SHAR school, which simultaneously cover the maximum possible number of vulnerable areas of the body. Or working with the keys of the modern UNIBOS system. Yes, take for example, developed by G. Popov. Yes, these are semi-universal movements, but this is somehow not quite the same, since a person, asking a question about the existence of a universal technique, means precisely such an action that can work without any special training, an action that does not need to be adapted to the situation . That is, a complete freebie, sir! But, alas, this hand-to-hand combat techniques simply does not exist in nature, and even semi-universal actions require the study of additional satellite techniques, i.e. such techniques that facilitate the implementation of the main one.

Here is at least the first key of Unibos, which is a circular movement inward. To an ignorant person it may seem that this is it. Of course, because on its basis you can free yourself from grips, apply painful pressure, carry out slap defenses, use them in arcing strikes, and break fingers. If the hand is holding a knife, then the options for using this movement instantly expand, starting with multi-purpose knife movements. But this is only at first glance, because in parallel with this movement, a person begins to be taught auxiliary technical elements such as impact on the head, elbow, facial areas, instant strangulation, control, chasing a falling body, etc.

So, I have to disappoint you - there is not and will not be a “one for all” technique, and you will have to be content with what you have: semi-universal movements and complexes consisting of these movements, each of which, however, can be adapted to several dozen different cases, which already saves a lot of time! And in fact, it is enough to master such movements, and then deal with their adaptation to emerging combat situations, endowing these movements with different meanings.

The following sets of techniques, which I will present here, are just such multifunctional movements, i.e., each of them can be used as impact, and as pain, and as a way out of fractures, etc. You can use them, or you can not apply them, but use them in one particular situation, but this will reduce their effectiveness and they will turn into ordinary hand-to-hand combat techniques, tailored for one particular situation. In general, as the person pleases. By the way, this is one of the reasons for the emergence of new styles of martial arts: a person is too lazy to develop some action to the maximum, adapting it to emerging combat situations, and he simply sharpens each one for a specific situation. And he begins to work on this whole thing for years, but in such a way that a mosquito does not undermine his nose, bringing it to absolute perfection

So, the first selection of such techniques is in the form of eight micro-complexes with eight movements each. Each such microcomplex can be studied both in place and in motion, and can also be combined with each other in different sequences. A total of eight such “assemblies” will be published, the actions included in which are selected so carefully that they cover almost all possible combat situations. In total we get sixty-four tactical hand-to-hand combat techniques, which are not my inventions, but are Bagua Zhang movements, more precisely, an adapted version of the “Floating Body Bagua Zhang, dragon form” complex. Adapted in the sense that I was not interested in the spirit of the complex (in fact, how can you learn to move like a dragon when no one has ever seen one in person), and the main emphasis was on the combat component. This was done with the idea that first it was necessary to learn to defend oneself, and only then move on to, so to speak, “higher spheres.”

And one moment. Before illustrating the movements, I watched both the instructional film and the book and noticed significant differences in the execution of this complex. So there is no need to wonder where the execution is correct: if the masters themselves don’t know... then where can we, mere mortals.

I will not be able to give here absolutely all the explanations of the possible uses of these microcomplexes - there are at least four hundred of them, but only the main ones, but you can be guided by the following. To illustrate them all means that this page will take a very long time to load: ten, fifteen minutes, probably. Who will wait that long? Nobody. In addition, the main idea of ​​​​these articles is to show a person the fighting sequences themselves and convey to him the idea that they can be used in many cases, so that he learns to use familiar movements in unfamiliar combat situations. If a person is already given ready-made options for using these movements, then he will simply stupidly memorize them, turning off all work of thought, because this is much simpler and more familiar, no matter how rude it may sound.

So, the reader will have to work through them on their own, turn the whole thing into a creative process, so to speak... Well, or if you have patience, then let him wait for my video course, which will show the main key points.

First, we will analyze these movements separately, then I will show how they are performed classically in the form of “Bagua Zhang of the floating body, dragon form”: this is for those people who want to study the complex in full, but already clearly understanding what and what it is for does. And, you never know - suddenly someone wants to accidentally drop: “Yes, I practice Bagua Zhang...” ;), and in response to him: “Well, demonstrate the complex.”

So, hands on feet, here we go! Basic position:

Movement number one. In Bagua Zhang this technique is called “Palm up strike”, but I simply call it “piercing”. It is performed as follows: the person is in a natural frontal stance, with his arms hanging freely. One hand, in a circle across the side, rises up and, continuing to move in a circle, lowers to the level of the solar plexus, palm down. The second hand, while the first has not yet completed the movement, moves forward, striking forward and upward. The palm of the first hand is located approximately under the elbow of the second.

Movements, according to the classics, end simultaneously, but in addition to this option, it is also necessary to work on non-simultaneous, slightly mismatched ending times. This micro-complex is performed with the idea of ​​passing through something: this is how the necessary mental image is formed, which helps to develop the technique more correctly.

Even at first glance at this combination, there are simply a lot of different and interesting options for its application. Be bold in your experiments and don’t give a damn about the smart people who care about preserving traditions in the form of “one action - one option for its application.”

Number two. An interesting feature of Chinese masters is to create a fog over a familiar action so that, drowned in various nuances, students simply cease to understand what they are doing and learn the technique purely mechanically.
For example, a jerk is the simplest action that almost every boy is familiar with - what can I explain here? But in the text it begins to take a step this way, place your foot this way, etc. Let’s explain it more simply: from the same position as in the first technique, a step is taken forward and both arms are extended forward. Then the person moves his body back and pulls his arms back with a downward movement.

The main subtlety that gives strength to the movement lies precisely in this step back. Many have probably watched a scene in films in which the main character grabs his opponents by the heads and knocks them against each other. So, this action, effective in the movies, is almost impossible to perform in reality without this small pushing movement of the body back. Well, or a step back, if that happens.

I remember reading somewhere that one citizen completely built his combat system on this dash. By hook or by crook, he approached the capture distance, then grabbed the adversary and jerked him towards himself, delivering a crushing blow to his head. The reception worked flawlessly. He went far with his universal technique, until this Kent was imprisoned under the article “Robbery and Robbery.”

Number three. Another hand-to-hand combat technique. According to the classics, it is interpreted as a tripping throw. A person steps forward, makes a cutting motion with his hand in a horizontal plane directly in front of him. When it almost ends, approaching the chest, the other hand pushes straight forward from under the palm of the hand that is approaching the chest, with the hand facing down. This is followed by a shifting movement back onto the back leg with a simultaneous pulling movement of both hands.

A throw is possible, a painful one on the arm is possible, a push can be carried out, and it can be thrown out of balance by twisting and much more.

By the way, even in such an ancient art of fighting, Bagua Zhang, the influence of sports can already be felt to the detriment of combat effectiveness. And this despite the fact that the Chinese are extremely jealous of traditions. Speaking about sports and combat, I want to say the following: The main purpose of combat is to kill and maim, and absolutely all movements in a fighter’s arsenal should contribute to this, even steps. Therefore, there is absolutely no need to carefully bypass the enemy’s legs. After all, if, when performing this technique in the “stepping” variant, you do not step on, but step on the opponent’s foot, firmly fixing it, and throw, then if not a fracture, then torn ligaments are guaranteed.

Fourth link. Probably the simplest. The person squats a little, the feet turn inward, the knees almost touch. The arms are crossed in front of the chest so that the left is on top, with the fingers of the left hand pointing up and the right hand pointing down.

From this position, we turn to the right by about forty-five to seventy degrees and take a step to the right with our right foot, while simultaneously extending our right arms and lowering our left.

Accordingly, we do this whole thing on the other side.

Actually, the use of this combination is an ideal combat stance: both when attacking from the front and from the side - all you need is to turn your torso in the right direction. It is very easy to spot it from cloud movements, and in fact, it is part of the “clouds”.

Fifth movement. Having taken one step forward with the right foot, we pull the right hand back (in other words, protection is performed by interception while simultaneously moving outward from the side of the thumb). The left hand strikes with the elbow in a horizontal plane directly in front of you.

Well, maybe not a blow, but pressure, which can be used in a painful position on the opponent’s elbow joint, retraction of his raised arm, or entering a fighting position for a direct strike with the elbow. If you pay attention to the palm, and not the elbow, then while maintaining the same pattern of movements, you can successfully strike. In general, there are just a lot of application options!

By the way, in the picture at the beginning of the article, there is just an option for using this bundle.

Sixth movement. With the left hand, the attacking limb is intercepted and pulled down to the lower back with a simultaneous slight turn of the body to the left: with this turn we achieve reliable fixation of the enemy’s limb, especially if we also press the left hand to our body. The elbow of the right hand rises in the vertical plane, and then, with a step forward -to the left with the left foot, lowers down until the right hand is opposite the solar plexus, palm down. At the moment of taking this position, the left one ends the piercing movement straight forward with the palm up.

Well, here a low elbow strike after deflecting the enemy’s blow naturally suggests itself. You can also strike with your fist from below in the manner of a boxer: the elbow and the fist are all one, but the movement goes from bottom to top, so what’s the problem?

You can also strike with your elbow not at the opponent’s jaw, but under the elbow of the hand that was intercepted by the left hand. Of course, in this case, the intercepted limb should not be pulled to your belt, but must be positioned higher.

Come up with a few dozen more options for using the ligament. However, like everyone else.

The seventh movement is an open arms position. In the classical interpretation, it is performed with simultaneous movement in a circle, but here there are a lot of purely practical options for application, starting from a stand for a side kick of the elbow of the right hand (if according to the picture) and ending with various movements of the limbs to the sides in order to break through to its center line for delivering a crushing and final blow.

I repeat once again that each of the given combinations can be learned to be used as techniques with different meanings: in strikes, unbalancing, painful, controlling..., the main thing is not to rush straight into training and then stand there cubing, not knowing what to do, but to begin with , just sit down and mentally work on the ligaments, expanding the possible range of their application.

Eighth, interesting movement. Both hands move almost simultaneously in a plane in front of the person, but they move in opposite directions: one clockwise, the other counterclockwise.

One interpretation: you deflect a blow to the face, but the enemy immediately kicks you in the stomach. This is where the second hand comes to the rescue, moving it to the side. By the way, it is possible to spirally twist the opponent’s leg with a continuing circular motion.

To increase the “level of zeal” for learning these techniques, I want to say the following: these actions are very quickly absorbed by the subconscious, surprisingly quickly. There is no need to practice them for several years in a row - the skill comes after just half a year of constant training for about an hour every other day, the main thing is to practice them using this method, and not anyhow, just bulging your eyes. It is necessary to work thoughtfully, with analysis of movements and awareness of your actions - only in this case there will be real success!

Among the main subtleties of the work, you should remember about the correct folding of the fingers (this form was described and shown in the figure), otherwise there is a high probability of simply breaking off your little fingers simply because they caught on something in the turmoil of the battle or the enemy was so lucky I hit them hard and knocked them out completely.

Be bold in your experiments with these movements, try to use them in a variety of situations and with any attacks of your opponent, paying attention to everything. Remember that the sequence of movements itself is more important here, and the “attachments” in the form of various striking forms of the brush can be very different. So what if Chinese masters don’t say anything about this? What does it matter to you? I'm not saying that almost all of these actions are absolutely impossible to apply in the way they are recommended to be used in the Bagua Zhang of “floating body, dragon form” (I won’t say about other forms, I haven’t analyzed them)! They will only act if a person works through contact with the enemy’s limbs, otherwise, through contact control (sticky hands, if anyone doesn’t know).

Here, for example, is the “classical” decoding of the third link: the enemy strikes, you parry him and deliver a direct poke to the ribs with the fingers of your other hand. Then, you need to jump up to the enemy, put your leg (and he stands like a fool with his arm outstretched after the blow - waiting for someone to throw him) behind his leg and, with a pulling movement of both hands back, throw him to the floor.

This is some kind of nonsense. Use excellent combat moves with the lowest possible efficiency! As if on purpose.

I’m finishing up for now, but in the following articles the topic of universalization hand-to-hand combat techniques will be continued.

Combat training of security service workers Oleg Yurievich Zakharov

Methods of teaching hand-to-hand combat

When studying each technique, the instructor must provide the necessary knowledge about this technique, teach the correct technique and develop the strength of the skill in correctly and quickly performing this technique in a real situation.

Each technique is taught in the following sequence:

– familiarization;

– unlearning;

- training.

The instructor names and demonstrates the technique as a whole as it should be performed in a real combat situation. Explaining the technique of execution, he shows the blow in slow motion, explaining the position of the arms, legs, torso, indicates the direction of effort and the coordination of actions of all parts of the body, the final position after performing the technique. Indicates characteristic errors when performing a technique or action, how to avoid them, and what to pay special attention to when performing a technique.

Demonstration of a technique should evoke in students a feeling of admiration for its implementation, confidence in its effectiveness and a desire to perform the technique in the same way as it was performed by the instructor.

Learning strikes must be carried out with special care, correcting all mistakes along the way; it is necessary that the students, after each technique or action performed, analyze them and consolidate the successful ones. If the technique has been mostly studied and performed without major errors, you can begin training. During training, you develop the ability to perform the technique quickly, accurately and in different situations. As a result of repeated repetition, a technique or action is performed easily and confidently, automatically. Automaticity in the use of special techniques is of great importance in hand-to-hand combat, where it is necessary to quickly assess the current situation and immediately carry out the necessary technique.

Improving special hand-to-hand combat techniques is a long process. It requires constant and gradual complication of the conditions in which certain techniques and actions are used. This complication is created not only by the focus of training sessions in hand-to-hand combat, but also by practicing techniques in combination with other sections of combat training, in field conditions that are as close as possible to the working conditions of security officers.

The main form of training is the training session.

In the preparatory part of the lesson, a general and special warm-up is carried out, which includes general developmental exercises in place and in motion, exercises to develop flexibility and mobility in the joints, strengthening the striking parts of the arms and legs (padding), coordination of movements and balance.

In all classes, the preparatory part must include acrobatic elements: somersaults on a soft floor at the fastest possible pace, running jumps over various obstacles.

As you learn hand-to-hand combat techniques, the preparatory part of the lesson should acquire a more specialized focus. It is necessary to include striking projectiles, on the spot and in motion, running from one striking projectile to another. Performing kicks after acrobatic exercises. The preparatory part must be carried out with great density, emotionally, and with increasing tempo.

In the main part of the lesson:

– the technique of performing techniques is studied;

– training of special techniques is carried out;

– exercises are performed to increase the level of general physical fitness.

In the final part:

– special breathing exercises are performed;

– exercises are performed to relax and tense muscles;

– easy running and walking.

An instructor conducting classes in special hand-to-hand combat techniques must master teaching methods, have practical skills, be able to technically correctly perform techniques, think through the course of classes, their organization and material support, and draw up a lesson plan.

A rationally constructed system of training in hand-to-hand combat, along with the use of principles and training methods widely used in various sports, presupposes the mandatory use of some methods and means specific to this type of combat training. These include, in particular:

– high degree of programming of classes. For most of the lesson, students work in a single formation, synchronously practicing the same movements, techniques, and combinations in rhythms set by the instructor. It is this circumstance that makes it possible to ensure optimal density and physical activity in each lesson in relation to any contingent of students;

– a big role for breathing exercises. Their regular implementation during training under the direct supervision of an instructor:

a) helps relieve fatigue;

b) mobilizes for more perfect execution of the technique, ligament, contraction;

c) prepares some parts of the body to more steadfastly take possible blows;

– the use during training of exercises aimed at increasing the resistance of certain parts of the body, especially the forearms, legs, abdominals, thighs, to mechanical effects from inflicted blows;

– use of special protective equipment to protect the forearms, shins, crotch, head and torso from blows during contact fights. Such equipment allows, on the one hand, to reduce the possibility of injury to a minimum, and on the other hand, it frees students from the fear of injury and pain from received blows, allowing them to more fully concentrate on practicing accurate and strong defenses at close combat range - the most effective, but also the most dangerous in a real situation;

– the use of special means of moral and psychological preparation of those training for the entire training, for performing individual techniques and combinations, for conducting a decisive fight. One of these means is the use of psychoregulatory or autogenic training methods at the beginning of a lesson, before practicing a technique, before a fight to develop or strengthen the appropriate psychological attitude and even physical state.

The most rational is the following sequence of studying and practicing techniques and their combinations:

– “into the air” (i.e. into an imaginary enemy);

– “into the apparatus” (i.e., into any training device or into special “paws” placed on the partner’s hands);

– “into a partner” (in place and in motion into a partner dressed in protective equipment);

– again “in the air”, but with a feeling of real resistance from the material of the projectile or the partner’s protective equipment.

Studying and practicing techniques can also be carried out in various tempo-force modes, the most important of which are the following:

– “in shape” – slowly, smoothly, with minimal muscle effort;

– “for strength” – slowly, smoothly, with increasing muscle effort, as if doing isometric gymnastics exercises;

– “at speed” – quickly, smoothly;

– in “fight” mode – with maximum speed and concentration of muscle effort, especially at the end of the movement at the moment of contact with the target.

Links should be considered and practiced as complex compound techniques, taking into account the above recommendations. When practicing ligaments, in addition, it is necessary to introduce another tempo-force mode - “jointly”, in which the techniques that make up the ligament, after they have been learned and performed separately, are performed as one technique. Of course, in this way you can practice the combination in all four of the above modes.

As the student masters the ligament, he moves on to studying and practicing a new ligament, while the learned ligament at the beginning of the main part of the lesson is repeated “in the air” or “into the projectile” in the “combat” mode with a small (no more than five) number repetitions. As a result of such repeated repetition, the learned ligaments are firmly deposited in “muscle memory”, from where they can be instantly retrieved at the appropriate moment in a training fight or real hand-to-hand combat.

Each training session should be planned and conducted in such a way that, on the one hand, it ensures that the trainees develop standard skills for performing defensive and counterattack actions with a given (and already practiced) set of techniques, and, on the other hand, teaches them to adapt these skills to actions of the enemy in the person of a specific partner, alternately playing the role of attacker and defender.

A characteristic feature of the proposed method of teaching hand-to-hand combat is also that throws, painful and choking techniques are considered and studied as a continuation of a separate set of ligaments that begin with a blow or defense with the obligatory execution, following the throw or painful technique, of a finishing (“finishing”) blow with a hand or foot.

The third stage of training - practicing the technique - begins in the strict sense of the word from the moment when the technique as a whole is correctly performed in the “form” mode and the instructor begins to increase the speed and strength of its execution.

From time to time it is useful to hold small competitions for the best execution of a technique or combination in the “fight” mode. For example, part of the trainees (2-4-6 people) line up in one line and, at the instructor’s command, begin to perform the technique on the spot, or moving a given number of steps forward or backward, with maximum speed and strength for each participant, but without losing correct form of reception and stance.

Practicing the techniques and combinations in the above and some other variants allows you to master them to such an extent that they can be practically applied in any situations of necessary defense or forced attack.

This text is an introductory fragment. From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (ME) by the author TSB

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