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Control in the training of athletes. Types of control in sports practice Types of control in sports

Control in the training of athletes. Types of control in sports practice Types of control in sports

20.11.2023

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Essay

Types of control in sports practice

Introduction

The effectiveness of the athlete’s training process in modern conditions is largely due to the use of means and methods of integrated control as a management tool that allows for feedback between the coach and the athlete, and on this basis, increasing the level of management decisions in the preparation of athletes.

The purpose of control is to optimize the process of training and competitive activity of athletes based on an objective assessment of various aspects of their preparedness and functional capabilities of the most important systems of the body. This goal is realized by solving a variety of particular problems related to assessing the conditions of athletes, their level of preparedness, implementation of training plans, the effectiveness of competitive activities, etc.

Information that is the result of solving particular control problems is implemented in the process of making management decisions used to optimize the structure and content of the training process, as well as the competitive activity of athletes.

The subject of control in sports is the content of the educational and training process, competitive activity, the state of various aspects of athletes’ preparedness (technical, physical, tactical, etc.), their performance, and the capabilities of functional systems.

1. Types of integrated control

In sports practice, it is customary to distinguish three types of control: stage-by-stage, current and operational, each of which is linked to the corresponding type of athletes’ conditions (Table 1.1).

Table 1.1 Basic terms and concepts used in monitoring the training of athletes (V.M. Zatsiorsky, 1979)

Term/concept	Meaning of the term	Explanation of the term, in particular the method of measurement or assessment
1. Athlete’s condition and model characteristics
1.1 Athlete's condition 1.2 Operational status. 1.3 Operational readiness. 1.4 Current status. 1.5 Current readiness 1.6 Staged state 1.7 Athlete preparedness 1.8 Fitness 1.9 Model characteristics of the athlete 10 Stage model characteristics	The level of morphofunctional properties of an athlete, which determine his ability to demonstrate sporting achievements. Ideally, it is characterized by the maximum possible set of features recorded in any period of time Rapidly changing state, particularly under the influence of a single session of exercise A special case of an operational condition, characterized by immediate readiness to perform a competitive exercise with a result close to the maximum A condition that varies from day to day within one or more training microcycles A special case of the current state, characterized by readiness to perform a competitive exercise in the coming days with a result close to the maximum Condition that persists for a long time (at least one month) A comprehensive description of the staged (permanent) state of an athlete, reflecting his ability to demonstrate sporting achievements in the coming months One of the aspects of an athlete’s preparedness, characterized by the degree of his adaptability to training or testing loads. Ideal characteristics of a state in which results corresponding to the highest world achievements can be shown Ideal indicators of an athlete’s condition at individual stages of preparation.	Comprehensive measurement of as many attributes as possible. Measurements taken during training or competition exercises, or immediately after completion Sports result shown in a given state, as well as indirect measurements assessing the potential for demonstrating a high sports result Results of measurements taken daily or in each microcycle Measurements taken a few days before the start in which the result was shown Measurements at individual training stages Measurements at individual stages of training, control competitions Measuring the body's physiological responses or performing specific (preferably standard) training or testing loads Forecasting, as well as observational data from previous years	The athlete’s condition in May or September, the condition after running a distance of 1000 m in 3 minutes, etc. The state of a swimmer at a certain meter of distance or 10 minutes after a swim, etc. The state at the moment immediately preceding the start in which a record result was shown Condition the day after a training session, competition or rest day Condition one week before achieving a record result State at the end of the preparatory period of training Level of preparedness at the end of the preparatory period of training Measuring heart rate after covering a distance at a given time Possible characteristics of the future world record holder in the 800 m run, for example, VO2 max or maximum running speed The maximum MPC that skaters must achieve in September in order to be able to demonstrate record results in the winter months
2. Training effects
2.1 Acute training effect 2.2 Delayed training effect 2.3 Cumulative training effect 2.4 Partial training effect	Changes that occur in the athlete’s body during a training or competitive exercise or immediately after their completion Changes that occur in the body the next day after performing a training or competitive exercise Changes that occur in the body as a result of summing up the traces of many training sessions Training effect caused by a separate training agent	Measurements taken during or immediately after a training session or competition Measurements taken the day after a training session or competition Complex measurements carried out during one of the preparation periods Can be measured by comparing training effects produced by different sets of training aids	Change in heart rate at the finish of the run; blood lactate content or pH shift after a race, etc. Changes in the athlete's preparedness in September compared to his preparedness in June Training effect caused by performing new training exercises
3. Types of control
3.1 Monitoring the preparation of the athlete (team) 3.2 Integrated control 3.3 Pedagogical control 3.4 Biomechanical control 3.5 Operational control 3.6 Current control 3.7 Stage control 3.8 Monthly examination 3.9 Staged comprehensive examinations 3.10 In-depth medical examinations	Collection, evaluation and analysis of information about the athlete’s condition during his training Monitoring the athlete’s condition by specialists of various profiles (teachers, doctors, biochemists, physiologists, etc.) Control carried out by the trainer, as well as the researcher-teacher Monitoring the athlete’s motor activity, in particular the technique of performing competitive and training exercises Monitoring the athlete’s operational condition, in particular his operational readiness Monitoring the current condition of the athlete, in particular his current readiness Monitoring the permanent condition of the athlete, in particular his preparedness A type of stage control; held every month A type of stage control; is carried out at individual stages of preparation and aims to comprehensively test the preparedness of athletes A type of stage control. It is characterized by the involvement of medical specialists of various profiles and a focus not only on assessing preparedness, but also on monitoring the athlete’s health status	Control is understood as a comprehensive activity, including not only the collection of necessary information, but also its comparison with existing data (plans, benchmarks, standards), and subsequent analysis Aims to diversify third-party verification of the athlete’s condition. Depending on the focus of individual aspects of control and the profile of specialists, pedagogical, medical, biochemical, etc. are distinguished. types of control Pedagogical control includes control over: 2) state of sports change; 3) sports technique and tactics; 4) sports results and performance of the athlete in competitions It is considered as an integral part of pedagogical control, but can be carried out with the involvement of biomechanical specialists Express assessment of the state in which the athlete is at a given moment Measurements taken daily or once every few days. Measurements taken at individual training stages Monthly measurements Measurements at individual stages of preparation Comprehensive medical examination of athletes	Monitoring the athlete's condition includes: testing the athlete (collection of information); comparison of the obtained data with the existing ones (evaluation); making a conclusion about the athlete’s condition, compliance with the plan, etc. (analysis) Staged comprehensive examination of an athlete Monitoring of the listed indicators is carried out by the trainer, his assistants, as well as employees of integrated scientific groups (ICS) Registration of time by distance segments, length and frequency of steps, intra-cycle fluctuations in speed, push-off or stroke force in cyclic sports Measuring heart rate to determine the athlete’s readiness for the next race. Routine (daily) weight control Staged comprehensive examinations, in-depth medical examination Control assessments in any exercise, carried out every month on the same days Comprehensive examinations of athletes at the beginning and end of the preparatory period Medical examination of athletes

Stage control allows you to assess the athlete’s staged state, his preparedness, which is a consequence of the long-term training effect. Such conditions of an athlete are the result of long-term preparation - over a number of years, a year, a macrocycle, a period or a stage.

Current control, based on the results of which daily fluctuations in preparedness are determined , aimed at assessing current states, i.e. those conditions that are a consequence of the loads of a series of classes, training or competitive microcycles.

Operational control, which allows you to determine the athlete’s condition directly at the time of performing exercises, provides for the assessment of operational states - urgent reactions of the athletes’ body to loads during individual training sessions and competitions.

Each coach has to make three types of plans:

plan for conducting a training session; 2) microcycle plan

(in sports games - inter-game cycle); 3) plan (program) of preparation for the stage, period. The need for these three planning documents is determined by the following circumstances. The purpose of training is to influence the athlete’s condition; as a result of such influence the state changes.

Sustainable (staged) the condition can be maintained for a relatively long time: weeks or even months. A complex characteristic of an athlete’s staged state, reflecting his ability to demonstrate sporting achievements, is called preparedness, and the state of optimal (best for a given moment of training) preparedness is called sports form. Obviously, a state of athletic fitness cannot be achieved or lost within one or several days. The staged state is the result of many training sessions, the effects of which are gradually added up. Therefore, it is true that the basis of stage states is the cumulative training effect (CTE).

Current state characterized by daily fluctuations in the level of preparedness (staged state) of athletes. The load of any activity increases or decreases this level. But usually such changes are eliminated in the rest intervals between classes. They are based on delayed training effect (LTE). The current state of the athlete determines the load of training sessions in the training microcycle.

A special case of the current state, characterized by the ability to show a result close to the maximum in a competitive exercise in the coming days, is called current readiness.

The state of the athlete at the time of performing the exercise (or immediately after its completion) is called operational. It is unstable and changes quickly after resting between repetitions of an exercise or reducing the load on it. The operational state changes during the training session. The trainer can control these changes if he correctly plans the duration and intensity of the exercises, rest intervals, and number of repetitions. The readiness to show a result close to the maximum in a competitive exercise is called operational.

Depending on the number of particular tasks and the volume of indicators included in the survey program, in-depth, selective and local control are distinguished . In-depth control is associated with the use of a wide range of indicators that allow a comprehensive assessment of the athlete’s preparedness, the effectiveness of competitive activity, and the quality of the educational and training process at the previous stage. Electoral control is carried out using a group of indicators that allow assessing any aspect of preparedness or performance, competitive activity or the educational and training process. Local controll is based on the use of one or several indicators that allow one to assess relatively narrow aspects of motor function, the capabilities of individual functional systems, etc.

In-depth control is usually used in the practice of assessing a staged state, selective and local - current and operational.

Depending on the means and methods used, control can be of a pedagogical, socio-psychological and medical-biological nature.

In the process of pedagogical control, the level of technical, tactical and physical readiness, the characteristics of performance in competitions, the dynamics of sports results, the structure and content of the training process, etc. are assessed.

Socio-psychological control is associated with the study of the characteristics of an athlete’s personality, their psychological state and preparedness, the general microclimate and conditions of training and competitive activity, etc.

Medical and biological control involves assessing the state of health, the capabilities of various functional systems, individual organs and mechanisms that bear the main load in training and competitive activities.

Currently, in the theory and methodology of sports training, in the practice of sports, the need to use the entire variety of types, methods, and means of control in the aggregate is realized, which ultimately led to the emergence of the concept of complex control.

Under comprehensive control one should understand the parallel use of staged, current and operational types of control in the process of examining athletes, subject to the use of pedagogical, socio-psychological and medical-biological indicators for a comprehensive assessment of preparedness, the content of the educational and training process and the competitive activity of athletes.

2. Contents and organization of stage control

The purpose of stage-by-stage control is to obtain information on the basis of which it is possible to draw up training plans for a period, stage or some other relatively long period. The stage control program is formed as follows.

One block (battery) consists of non-specific tests common to many sports. They are designed to assess the physical condition of an athlete.

The criteria for physical performance in such tests are:

the time during which the athlete could complete the task;

volume of work (it is defined as the product of average power and test time);

maximum oxygen consumption...

In addition, indicators such as maximum pulmonary ventilation (MPV), concentration of lactic acid in muscles and arterial blood, maximum oxygen debt (MCD), etc. are directly measured or calculated.

The values of all these indicators are compared: with the initial ones (rest indicators) and with the amount of work in the test. Based on the initial data and comparison results, a conclusion is drawn about the health and physical performance of athletes.

The second block consists of specific tests, the structure of which must correspond to the structure of the competitive exercise. The measure of their information content is determined by the magnitude of the correlation coefficients between results in competitions and achievements in tests.

Stage-by-stage control involves recording achievements in competitions and tests (or only tests) at the beginning and end of the next stage of preparation. Analysis of control results is carried out on the basis of an assessment of the relationship between gains in achievements in competitive exercises and tests, on the one hand, and partial volumes of loads per stage, on the other. For this purpose, partial volumes of specialized and non-specialized exercises, as well as exercises of different directions, are compared with indicators of the cumulative training effect. In the simplest case, an ordinary schedule is drawn up, but it is best to use a computer for this.

In the process of comparison, load zones and exercises are identified, the use of which led to an increase in sports results, performance indicators, etc.

When organizing stage-by-stage control, the same tests should be used at all stages of preparation (such tests are called end-to-end tests). In this case, you can obtain the dynamics of indicators and analyze it. But in some cases it is advisable to supplement this battery with other tests. Based on their results, the solution to specific tasks of the stage is verified. For example, if concentrated strength training was carried out during it, specialized strength tests should be included in the control program.

The main task of current control is the collection and analysis of information necessary for planning loads or their correction in training microcycles.

The effectiveness of such regulation is manifested in bringing real training results closer to the expected ones. In addition, the coach gradually accumulates information about the consequences of different load rationing schemes in microcycles. He systematizes it and further more reasonably distributes the volume and content of loads across the days of the microcycle.

The main thing in this approach is the selection of metrologically correct current control tests. Their information content is determined based on a comparison of the daily dynamics of test results with the following criteria:

achievements in a set of tests;

indicators of the performed training load.

In the first case, the athlete's results on several tests are recorded daily. It may turn out that the dynamics of these results are unidirectional. In this case, you need to select one from this group of tests and use it for ongoing monitoring. The most informative tests are those in which the results change the most after completing training tasks. For example, after speed-strength loads (jumping, fast exercises with weights, etc.), the hardness of relaxed muscles increases. Therefore, hardness values measured with a myotonometer can be used for routine monitoring.

The reliability of monitoring tests is high if the variance of repeated measurements taken on one day is much less than the variance of the results of daily measurements.

For example, the reliability of a strength test will be high if the variation in repeated measurements (within one day) is plus or minus 50 N, and the variation in strength from day to day is plus or minus 500 N.

List of used literature

control sports competitive

Geselevich V.A. Trainer's medical reference book. - Ed. 2nd add. and processed - M.: Physical culture and sport, 2001. - 271 p., ill.

Godik M.A. Sports metrology: Textbook for physical institutes. cult. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 2008. - 192 p.

Godik M.A. The athlete's condition and types of control. - In the book: Sports metrology: Textbook for physical institutes. cult. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 2008, p. 161 - 172.

Zatsiorsky V.M. Physical qualities of an athlete. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 2000. - 200 p.

Ivanov S.M. Medical supervision and physical therapy. - M.: Medicine, 2000. - 472 p.

Theory of sports / Ed. prof. Platonova V.N. - K.: Vishcha school. Head Publishing House, 2007. - 424 p.

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Lecture 21 control in sports training

1.Characteristics of complex control in sports.

2. Types of control.

3. Requirements for control indicators.

1. Characteristics of complex control in sports

Currently, the training process aimed at showing high results by an athlete is unthinkable without: planning and control, good medical support and material resources, qualified coaching staff and qualified selection for sports, etc. All of the above and integrated into the system gives results at the Olympic Games and international competitions; our country is recognized as a sports power all over the world.

So, one of the most important aspects of sports training is control.

The most informative and complete is comprehensive control. Based on comprehensive monitoring, it is possible to correctly assess the effectiveness of sports training, identify the strengths and weaknesses of athletes’ preparedness, make appropriate adjustments to their training program, evaluate the effectiveness of the chosen direction of the training process, or one or another decision made by the coach.

Comprehensive control- this is the measurement and evaluation of various indicators in training cycles in order to determine the level of preparedness of an athlete (pedagogical, psychological, biological, sociometric, sports-medical and other methods and tests are used).

The complexity of control is realized only when three groups of indicators are recorded:

indicators of training and competitive influences;

indicators of the athlete's functional state and preparedness, registered under standard conditions;

indicators of the state of the external environment.

Complex control in most cases is implemented during testing or the procedure for measuring results in tests. There are three groups of tests.

First group of tests- tests performed at rest. These include indicators of physical development (height and body weight, thickness of skin and fat folds, length and girth of arms, legs, torso, etc.).

Test(from lat. test - task, test) - a method of personality research, based on its assessment based on the results of a standardized task, test, test with a predetermined reliability and validity. At rest, the functional state of the heart, muscles, nervous and vascular systems is measured. This group also includes psychological tests.

The information obtained through the tests of the first group is the basis for assessing the physical condition of the athlete.

Second group of tests- these are standard tests when all athletes are asked to perform the same task (for example, run on a treadmill at a speed of 5 m/s for 5 minutes or do pull-ups on a bar 10 times within 1 minute, etc.). The specific feature of these tests is to perform an unlimited load, and therefore motivation to achieve the maximum possible result is not needed here.

Third group of tests- these are tests during which you need to show the highest possible motor result. The values of biomechanical, physiological, biochemical and other indicators are measured (forces exhibited in the test; heart rate, MOC, anaerobic threshold, lactate, etc.). The peculiarity of such tests is the need for a high psychological attitude and motivation to achieve maximum results.

Based on the tasks of managing the training of an athlete, there are operational, current and stage control.

Operational control is aimed primarily at optimizing training programs, selecting such exercises and such complexes that will most contribute to solving the assigned tasks. A wide variety of tests can be used here to identify the optimal work and rest regime for each athlete, work intensity, weight load, etc. These types of control serve as the basis for the development of appropriate training plans: long-term - for the next training macrocycle or stage; current - for mesocycle, macrocycle, lesson; operational - for a separate exercise or their complex.

Current control- here an assessment of the work of various primary directions is carried out, determination of the formation of the processes of fatigue of athletes under the influence of the loads of individual activities, taking into account the course of recovery processes in the body, the features of interaction with loads of different magnitude and direction during the day or microcycle. This allows you to optimize the process of sports training during the day, micro- and mesocycle, and create the best conditions for the development of specified adaptive changes.

Stage control- the main objectives are to determine changes in the athlete’s condition under the influence of a relatively long period of training and develop a strategy for the subsequent macrocycle or training period. Consequently, in the process of step-by-step control, the level of development of various aspects of preparedness is comprehensively assessed, deficiencies in preparedness and further reserves for improvement are identified. As a result, individual plans for building the training process are developed for a separate training period or the entire macrocycle.

The frequency of examinations during stage-by-stage control can be different and depends on the characteristics of annual planning, the specifics of the sport, and material and technical conditions. The most effective is this form of stage-by-stage control, when examinations are carried out three times in the macrocycle - at the first and second stages of the preparatory and in the competitive period. If 2-3 macrocycles are planned during the year, stage-by-stage examinations are carried out during the competitive period - once in the macrocycle, and on the basis of these data the training process in the subsequent macrocycle is built.

Particular attention should be paid to the identity of the conditions when conducting stage-by-stage examinations and to eliminating the possible influence of previous training loads on their results. Experts strive to select tests whose results do not reflect the dynamics of the athletes’ everyday capabilities during the applied loads. Otherwise, it is possible to record not the actual changes that have occurred in the athlete’s condition as a result of training, but only some current changes in his condition, which can fluctuate significantly over the course of several days. However, in sports practice, an objective assessment of an athlete’s preparedness is possible, as a rule, only in the process of using loads specific to a given sport, requiring the utmost mobilization of the corresponding functional capabilities. The level of their manifestation fluctuates under the influence of the direction and magnitude of individual training loads preceding the examination, the psychological state of the athletes, etc. Therefore, an objective manifestation of an athlete’s functional capabilities in most tests is possible only after special preparation for the examination. Preparation consists of eliminating fatigue from previous training work, setting athletes up to take test programs seriously, etc. For stage-by-stage control, athletes must, firstly, be brought into optimal condition and, secondly, ensure, if possible, standard examination conditions.

Table 8 - the main content of integrated control and its varieties

Types of integrated control	Directions of control
	Control over competitive and training influences		Monitoring the condition and preparedness of athletes	Monitoring the state of the external environment
	Control of competitive activity (SC)	Control of training activities (TD)
	a) measurement and evaluation of various indicators at competitions that complete a certain stage of preparation; b) analysis of the dynamics of SD indicators at all competitions of the stage	a) construction and analysis of load dynamics at the preparation stage; b) summing up the loads on all indicators for a stage and determining their ratio	Measurement and evaluation of control indicators in specially organized conditions at the end of the preparation phase	For climatic factors (temperature, humidity, wind, solar radiation), for the quality of inventory, equipment, coatings of sports facilities, characteristics of competition and training courses, sliding, behavior of spectators and the objectivity of refereeing at competitions and their influence on the results in sports competitions and control training classes
	Measuring and evaluating performance at the competition that completes the training macrocycle (if included in the plan)	a) construction and analysis of load dynamics in a training microcycle; b) summation of loads for all characteristics per microcycle and determination of their content	Registration and analysis of everyday measurements of athletes' preparedness caused by systematic training sessions
Operational	Measuring and evaluating performance in any competition	Measurement and evaluation of the physical and physiological characteristics of an exercise load, a series of exercises, a training session	Measurement and analysis of indicators that informatively reflect changes in the condition of athletes at the time or immediately after exercise and classes

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

Open International University of Human Development “Ukraine”

Gorlovka branch

Department of Physical Rehabilitation

ABSTRACT

discipline: Theory and methodology of physical education

SUBJECT: " Comprehensive control in sports training ”

Completed:

2nd year student of group FR-06

day department

Faculty of “Physical Rehabilitation”

Vaskin Konstantin Evgenievich

INTRODUCTION

Types of integrated control

Table 1.1 Basic terms and concepts used in monitoring the training of athletes (V.M. Zatsiorsky, 1979)

Term/concept

Meaning of the term

Explanation of the term, in particular the method of measurement or assessment

1. Athlete’s condition and model characteristics

1.1 Athlete's condition

1.2 Operational status.

1.3 Operational readiness.

1.4 Current status.

1.5 Current readiness

1.6 Staged state

1.7 Athlete preparedness

1.8 Fitness

1.9 Model characteristics of the athlete

1.10 Stage model characteristics

The level of morphofunctional properties of an athlete, which determine his ability to demonstrate sporting achievements. Ideally, it is characterized by the maximum possible set of features recorded in any period of time

Rapidly changing state, particularly under the influence of a single session of exercise

A special case of an operational condition, characterized by immediate readiness to perform a competitive exercise with a result close to the maximum

A condition that varies from day to day within one or more training microcycles

A special case of the current state, characterized by readiness to perform a competitive exercise in the coming days with a result close to the maximum

Condition that persists for a long time (at least one month)

A comprehensive description of the staged (permanent) state of an athlete, reflecting his ability to demonstrate sporting achievements in the coming months

One of the aspects of an athlete’s preparedness, characterized by the degree of his adaptability to training or testing loads.

Ideal characteristics of a state in which results corresponding to the highest world achievements can be shown

Ideal indicators of an athlete’s condition at individual stages of preparation.

Comprehensive measurement of as many attributes as possible.

Measurements taken during training or competition exercises, or immediately after completion

Sports result shown in a given state, as well as indirect measurements assessing the potential for demonstrating a high sports result

Results of measurements taken daily or in each microcycle

Measurements taken a few days before the start in which the result was shown

Measurements at individual training stages

Measurements at individual stages of training, control competitions

Measuring the body's physiological responses or performing specific (preferably standard) training or testing loads

Forecasting, as well as observational data from previous years

The athlete’s condition in May or September, the condition after running a distance of 1000 m in 3 minutes, etc.

The state of a swimmer at a certain meter of distance or 10 minutes after a swim, etc.

The state at the moment immediately preceding the start in which a record result was shown

Condition the day after a training session, competition or rest day

Condition one week before achieving a record result

State at the end of the preparatory period of training

Level of preparedness at the end of the preparatory period of training

Measuring heart rate after covering a distance at a given time

Possible characteristics of the future world record holder in the 800 m run, for example, VO2 max or maximum running speed

The maximum MPC that skaters must achieve in September in order to be able to demonstrate record results in the winter months

2. Training effects

2.1 Acute training effect

2.2 Delayed training effect

2.3 Cumulative training effect

2.4 Partial training effect

Changes that occur in the athlete’s body during a training or competitive exercise or immediately after their completion

Changes that occur in the body the next day after performing a training or competitive exercise

Changes that occur in the body as a result of summing up the traces of many training sessions

Training effect caused by a separate training agent

Measurements taken during or immediately after a training session or competition

Measurements taken the day after a training session or competition

Complex measurements carried out during one of the preparation periods

Can be measured by comparing training effects produced by different sets of training aids

Change in heart rate at the finish of the run; blood lactate content or pH shift after a race, etc.

Changes in the athlete's preparedness in September compared to his preparedness in June

Training effect caused by performing new training exercises

3. Types of control

3.1 Monitoring the preparation of the athlete (team)

3.2 Integrated control

3.3 Pedagogical control

3.4 Biomechanical control

3.5 Operational control

3.6 Current control

3.7 Stage control

3.8 Monthly examination

3.9 Staged comprehensive examinations

3.10 In-depth medical examinations

Collection, evaluation and analysis of information about the athlete’s condition during his training

Monitoring the athlete’s condition by specialists of various profiles (teachers, doctors, biochemists, physiologists, etc.)

Control carried out by the trainer, as well as the researcher-teacher

Monitoring the athlete’s motor activity, in particular the technique of performing competitive and training exercises

Monitoring the athlete’s operational condition, in particular his operational readiness

Monitoring the current condition of the athlete, in particular his current readiness

Monitoring the permanent condition of the athlete, in particular his preparedness

A type of stage control; held every month

A type of stage control; is carried out at individual stages of preparation and aims to comprehensively test the preparedness of athletes

A type of stage control. It is characterized by the involvement of medical specialists of various profiles and a focus not only on assessing preparedness, but also on monitoring the athlete’s health status

Control is understood as a comprehensive activity, including not only the collection of necessary information, but also its comparison with existing data (plans, benchmarks, standards), and subsequent analysis

Aims to diversify

third-party verification of the athlete’s condition. Depending on the focus of individual aspects of control and the profile of specialists, pedagogical, medical, biochemical, etc. are distinguished.

types of control

Pedagogical control includes control over:

2) state of sports change;

3) sports technique and tactics;

4) sports results and performance of the athlete in competitions

It is considered as an integral part of pedagogical control, but can be carried out with the involvement of biomechanical specialists

Express assessment of the state in which the athlete is at a given moment

Measurements taken daily or once every few days.

Measurements taken at individual training stages

Monthly measurements

Measurements at individual stages of preparation

Comprehensive medical examination of athletes

Monitoring the athlete's condition includes: testing the athlete (collection of information); comparison of the obtained data with the existing ones (evaluation); making a conclusion about the athlete’s condition, compliance with the plan, etc. (analysis)

Staged comprehensive examination of an athlete

Monitoring of the listed indicators is carried out by the trainer, his assistants, as well as employees of integrated scientific groups (ICS)

Registration of time by distance segments, length and frequency of steps, intra-cycle fluctuations in speed, push-off or stroke force in cyclic sports

Measuring heart rate to determine the athlete’s readiness for the next race.

Routine (daily) weight control

Staged comprehensive examinations, in-depth medical examination

Control assessments in any exercise, carried out every month on the same days

Comprehensive examinations of athletes at the beginning and end of the preparatory period

Medical examination of athletes

Each coach has to make three types of plans:

1) plan for conducting a training session; 2) microcycle plan

(in sports games – inter-game cycle); 3) plan (program) of preparation for the stage, period. The need for these three planning documents is determined by the following circumstances. The purpose of training is to influence the athlete’s condition; as a result of such influence the state changes.

A special case of the current state, characterized by the ability to show a result close to the maximum in a competitive exercise in the coming days, is called current readiness.

Depending on the number of particular tasks and the volume of indicators included in the survey program, in-depth, selective and local control are distinguished . In-depth control is associated with the use of a wide range of indicators that allow a comprehensive assessment of the athlete’s preparedness, the effectiveness of competitive activity, and the quality of the educational and training process at the previous stage. Electoral control is carried out using a group of indicators that allow assessing any aspect of preparedness or performance, competitive activity or the educational and training process. Local control is based on the use of one or several indicators that allow one to assess relatively narrow aspects of motor function, the capabilities of individual functional systems, etc.

In-depth control is usually used in the practice of assessing a staged state, selective and local - current and operational.

Depending on the means and methods used, control can be of a pedagogical, socio-psychological and medical-biological nature.

One block (battery) consists of non-specific tests common to many sports. They are designed to assess the physical condition of an athlete.

The criteria for physical performance in such tests are:

1) the time during which the athlete could complete the task;

2) the amount of work (it is defined as the product of average power and test time);

3) maximum oxygen consumption..

In addition, indicators such as maximum pulmonary ventilation (MPV), concentration of lactic acid in muscles and arterial blood, maximum oxygen debt (MCD), etc. are directly measured or calculated.

Stage-by-stage control involves recording achievements in competitions and tests (or only tests) at the beginning and end of the next stage of preparation. Analysis of control results is carried out on the basis of assessing the relationship between gains in achievements in competitive exercises and tests, on the one hand, and partial volumes of loads per stage, on the other. For this purpose, partial volumes of specialized and non-specialized exercises, as well as exercises of different directions, are compared with indicators of the cumulative training effect. In the simplest case, an ordinary schedule is drawn up, but it is best to use a computer for this.

In the process of comparison, load zones and exercises are identified, the use of which led to an increase in sports results, performance indicators, etc.

The main task of current monitoring is the collection and analysis of information necessary for planning loads or their correction in training microcycles.

1) achievements in a set of tests;

2) indicators of the training load being performed.

The reliability of monitoring tests is high if the variance of repeated measurements taken on one day is much less than the variance of the results of daily measurements.

For example, the reliability of a strength test will be high if the variation in repeated measurements (in one day) is plus or minus 50 N, and the variation in strength from day to day is plus or minus 500 N.

The main task of operational control is an express assessment of the state in which the athlete is at the moment or immediately after the end of an exercise (series of exercises, class). The content of this type of control also includes an urgent assessment of exercise technique and tactics.

Operational control is the most important, since its results are used to judge whether the real immediate training effect (ETE) corresponds to the planned one.

Operational control and planning can be divided into three stages. The first focused on what the athlete should do during the training session. Therefore, the exercise plans, how to perform them, dosage, etc. were written out in detail in the outline plans. The proper training effect of the work was not indicated, but our best coaches, of course, assumed that if the athlete fully completed the task, this would lead to the achievement of the required effect.

The second stage is characterized by the fact that along with the description of the methodology for performing the exercises, instructions about the proper standards of training effects began to appear in the notes. For example, an athlete must not only run 400 meters six times, but do it in such a way that the heart rate during running does not fall below 180 beats per minute, and begin the next repetition when its values decrease to 120 beats per minute.

The acceleration of the scientific and technical process in sports affected, first of all, the increase in the efficiency of operational control and load planning. The training process is increasingly becoming a process of managing immediate training effects. This is what distinguishes the third stage of development of the operational control and planning methodology.

First, the proper training effects are set, and then training tools and methods are selected that allow them to be achieved. In this regard, very stringent requirements are imposed on the tests and operational control methods that must confirm the achievements of the planned STE. If conditions allow, then control is carried out directly during the exercise. If not, then immediately after its completion.

The information value of operational control tests is determined by how sensitive they are to the load being performed. This requirement is best met by biomechanical, physiological and biochemical indicators. The amount of information content of OK tests is determined by the value of the correlation coefficient calculated between changes in the criterion and changes in the test.

The reliability of operational control tests depends, first of all: a) on the accuracy of reproducing the load value in repeated attempts; b) from the constancy of athletes’ preparedness at different stages of testing. So, for example, if on the first day of operational control the heart rate while running at a speed of 7.8 m/s reached 185 beats/min, then when tested again on the second day the heart rate will be the same only if the running speed does not change.

Depending on the planned focus of the training exercises, the content of operational control and the criteria used for the athlete’s condition change. For example, in aerobic and mixed training sessions, heart rate is an informative criterion: in the range from 130 to 180 beats/min, its values are linearly related to load power and oxygen consumption. Therefore, if a coach registers an athlete’s heart rate at 150 beats/min in one case, and 170 beats/min in the second, then he can be sure that oxygen consumption has increased.

But in anaerobic exercises, heart rate ceases to be an informative indicator, since it does not say anything about the degree of intensification of anaerobic processes. Therefore, if an athlete’s heart rate is 200 beats/min in one case, and 220 beats/min in another, this does not indicate greater activity of the energy mechanisms that are fundamental in such work.

Bibliography

1. Geselevich V.A. Trainer's medical reference book. – Ed. 2nd add. and processed – M.: Physical culture and sport, 1981. – 271 p., ill.

2. Godik M.A. Sports metrology: Textbook for physical institutes. cult. – M.: Physical culture and sport, 1988. – 192 p.

3. Godik M.A. The athlete's condition and types of control. – In the book: Sports metrology: Textbook for physical institutes. cult. – M.: Physical culture and sport, 1988, p. 161 – 172.

4. Zatsiorsky V.M. Physical qualities of an athlete. – M.: Physical culture and sport, 1970. – 200 p.

5. Ivanov S.M. Medical supervision and physical therapy. – M.: Medicine, 1970. – 472 p.

Lecture 9

Topic: “CONTROL and MANAGEMENT IN SPORTS TRAINING”

Plan:

Purpose, object and types of control

Physical fitness monitoring

Purpose, object and types of control

The effectiveness of the athlete’s training process in modern conditions is largely due to the use of means and methods of integrated control as a management tool that allows for feedback between the coach and the athlete and, on this basis, increasing the level of management decisions in the preparation of athletes.

The purpose of control is to optimize the process of training and competitive activity of athletes based on an objective assessment of various aspects of their preparedness and functional capabilities of the most important systems of the body. This goal is realized by solving a variety of particular problems related to assessing the conditions of athletes, their level of preparedness, the implementation of training plans, the effectiveness of competitive activities, etc.

Object of control in sports is the content of the educational and training process, competitive activity, the state of various aspects of athletes’ preparedness (technical, physical, tactical, etc.), their performance, the capabilities of functional systems.

Types of control. In the theory and practice of sports, it is customary to distinguish the following types of control - stage-by-stage, current and operational, each of which is linked to the corresponding type of athletes’ conditions.

Stage control allows you to assess the athlete’s staged state, which is a consequence of the long-term training effect. Such states of an athlete are the result of long-term training over a number of years, a year, a macrocycle, a period or a stage.

Current control is aimed at assessing current states, i.e. those states that are a consequence of the loads of a series of classes, training or competitive microcycles.

Operational control provides for the assessment of operational states - urgent reactions of the athletes’ body to loads during individual training sessions and competitions.

Depending on the number of particular tasks and the volume of indicators included in the survey program, in-depth, selective and local control are distinguished.

Advanced Control is associated with the use of a wide range of indicators that allow a comprehensive assessment of the athlete’s preparedness, the effectiveness of competitive activity, and the quality of the educational and training process at the previous stage.

Electoral control is carried out using a group of indicators that allow assessing any aspect of preparedness or performance, competitive activity or the educational and training process.

Local control is based on the use of one or several indicators that allow one to assess relatively narrow aspects of motor function, the capabilities of individual functional systems, etc.

In-depth control is usually used in the practice of assessing the staged state, selective and local - current and operational.

Depending on the means and methods used, control can be of a pedagogical, socio-psychological and medical-biological nature.

In progress pedagogical control The level of technical, tactical and physical readiness, the characteristics of performance in competitions, the dynamics of sports results, the structure and content of the training process, etc. are assessed.

Socio-psychological control associated with the study of the personality traits of athletes, their mental state and preparedness, general microclimate and conditions of training and competitive activity, etc.

Medical and biological control provides for an assessment of the state of health, the capabilities of various functional systems, individual organs and mechanisms that bear the main load in training and competitive activities.

Currently, in the theory and methodology of sports training, in the practice of sports, it is realized

the need to use the entire variety of types, methods, and means of control in the aggregate, which ultimately led to the emergence of the concept of “integrated control.”

Under comprehensive control one should understand the parallel use of staged, current and operational types of control in the process of examining athletes, subject to the use of pedagogical, socio-psychological and medical-biological indicators for a comprehensive assessment of preparedness, the content of the educational and training process and the competitive activity of athletes.

Requirements for indicators used in control

Indicators used in the process of stage-by-stage, current and operational control must provide an objective assessment of the athlete’s condition, meet the age, gender, qualification characteristics of the contingent of subjects, the goals and objectives of a particular type of control.

In the process of each type of control, a very wide range of indicators can be used that characterize various aspects of athletes’ preparedness, if these indicators meet the listed requirements.

In complex control, the main ones are socio-psychological and medical-biological indicators. Pedagogical indicators characterize the level of technical and tactical readiness, stability of performance in competitions, the content of the educational and training process, etc. Social and psychological indicators characterize environmental conditions, the strength and mobility of the nervous processes of athletes, their ability to assimilate and process information, the state of analytical activity and etc. Medical and biological include anatomical, morphological, physiological, biochemical, biomechanical and other indicators.

The indicators used in the control process are divided into two groups.

Indicators of the first group characterize relatively stable traits that are transmitted genetically and change little during training. Indicators adequate to these characteristics are used primarily in stage-by-stage control when solving problems of selection and orientation at different stages of long-term training. Stable characteristics include the length of the body, the number of fibers of various types in the skeletal muscles, the type of nervous activity, the speed of some reflexes, etc.

Indicators of the second group characterize technical and tactical readiness, the level of development of individual physical qualities, mobility and efficiency of the main vital systems of the athletes’ body in various conditions of the educational and training process and competitive activity, etc., i.e., subject to significant pedagogical influence.

In relation to the conditions of each type of control, the indicators must meet the following requirements.

Compliance with the specifics of the sport. Taking into account the specific features of a sport is of paramount importance for the selection of indicators used in control, since achievements in different sports are determined by different functional systems and require strictly specific adaptive reactions due to the nature of competitive activity.

In sports and individual disciplines related to the manifestation of endurance (swimming, rowing, cycling, skiing, speed skating, middle and long distance running, etc.) and with objectively metrically measured results, indicators characterizing the state of cardiovascular and respiratory systems, metabolic processes, since thanks to the latter it is possible to most reliably assess the potential capabilities of athletes in achieving high sports results.

In speed-strength sports, where the main ability of an athlete is the ability to demonstrate short-term maximum neuromuscular tension (sprint running, athletics jumping and throwing, weightlifting, certain disciplines of cycling, speed skating, swimming, etc.), they are used as means of control. indicators characterizing the state of the neuromuscular system, central nervous system, speed-strength components of motor function, manifested in specific test exercises.

In sports where sporting achievements are largely determined by the activity of analyzers, the mobility of nervous processes that ensure accuracy and proportionality of movements in time and space (gymnastics, acrobatics, figure skating, diving, all types of sports games, shooting, etc.), in the control process, a wide range of indicators is used that characterize the accuracy of reproduction of temporal, spatial and power parameters of specific movements, the ability to process information and quickly make decisions,

elasticity of skeletal muscles, mobility in joints, coordination abilities, etc.

Compliance with the age and qualification characteristics of those involved. It is known that the structure and content of training and competitive activities are largely determined by the age and qualification characteristics of athletes. Consequently, the content of control should be built taking into account the age of athletes, as well as the level of their sports qualifications.

For example, when assessing the technical skill of young athletes with relatively low qualifications, they first of all evaluate the breadth and variety of mastered motor skills and the ability to master new movements. When assessing aerobic performance, one is guided by the power indicators of the aerobic energy supply system. When examining high-class adult athletes, other indicators come to the fore: when assessing technical skill - characteristics that make it possible to determine the athlete’s ability to demonstrate rational technique in extreme competition conditions, the resistance of the technique to confusing factors, its variability, etc.; when assessing aerobic performance - efficiency, mobility and stability in the activities of the aerobic energy supply system. At subsequent stages of preparation, the athlete’s ability to realize motor potential in a specific competitive environment becomes of paramount importance. Thus, at each stage of long-term improvement, various indicators that are adequate to the age characteristics and level of preparedness of the students should be used as control.

Correspondence to the direction of the training process. The state of preparedness and fitness of athletes changes significantly not only from stage to stage in the process of long-term preparation, but also in different periods of the training macrocycle. These changes largely depend on the direction of physical exercise, the nature of the training loads, etc. Experience shows that the most informative in the control process are indicators that meet the specifics of the training loads used at this stage of preparation. So, if in sports where the success of competitive activity is ensured by the predominant development of speed-strength qualities (sprint distances in various sports, athletics jumping, throwing, etc.), athletes in some period of the annual cycle use cross-country running or other exercises to develop cardiovascular

vascular, respiratory and other systems that ensure high performance, then the purpose of control at this stage of training is to assess the relevant abilities of those involved and include indicators that are adequate to the training activity. In the competitive training period, when athletes are in a state of high special training, the most informative are the speed-strength indicators that correspond to the nature of the competitive activity.

The main criteria that determine the possibility of including certain indicators in the control program are their information content and reliability.

Information content An indicator is determined by how accurately it corresponds to the quality or property being assessed. There are two main ways to select indicators based on the criterion of information content. The first way involves choosing indicators based on knowledge of the factors that determine the level of manifestation of a given property or quality. This path may not always be implemented due to insufficient knowledge of these factors. The second way is based on finding statistically significant connections between an indicator and a criterion that has sufficient scientific justification. If the relationship between an indicator and a criterion is constant and strong, there is reason to consider this indicator as informative.

In the theory and practice of sports, both of these paths are used in organic unity. This allows you to select indicators for control based on establishing cause-and-effect relationships that reveal the mechanisms of the relationship of various indicators with the level of sports results, the structure of preparedness and competitive activity in a particular sport, and compliance with the requirements of mathematical statistics.

Reliability indicators are determined by the correspondence of the results of their use to real changes in the level of a particular quality or property in an athlete under the conditions of each type of control, as well as the stability of the results obtained from repeated use of indicators under the same conditions.

The higher the difference between the research results of different athletes or the same athlete in different functional states, and the closer the results recorded for the same athlete under constant conditions are located, the higher the reliability of the indicators used.

CONTROL OF STRENGTH QUALITIES

In sports practice, the level of development of maximum strength, speed strength and strength endurance is monitored. Strength qualities can be assessed under various modes of muscle work (dynamic, static), in specific and non-specific tests, with and without the use of measuring equipment. Along with the registration of absolute indicators, relative (taking into account the athlete’s body weight) indicators are also taken into account. In the process of control, it is necessary to ensure standardization of the mode of muscle work, starting positions, angles of flexion in joints, psychological attitudes and motivation.

Maximum Strength Estimation can most easily be done when working in static mode. For this purpose, various mechanical and strain gauge dynamographs and dynamometers are used, which allow selective assessment of the maximum strength of various muscle groups.

It should be noted, however, that static force is non-specific to the activity in most sports. Reflecting to a large extent the basic potential of this quality, static strength does not guarantee a high level of strength abilities in the process of performing special preparatory and competitive exercises. It is also important to know that when studying in a static mode, strength capabilities are assessed in relation to a certain point in the amplitude of movement, and these data cannot be transferred to its entire range. In this regard, measurements taken during dynamic muscle work are much more informative. However, much here depends on the method of force registration. In particular, the assessment of strength when performing dynamic movements with the maximum available weight suffers from a significant drawback. The resistance in this case is constant, since standard weights are used throughout the entire range of motion, although muscle strength due to the biomechanical characteristics of its various phases fluctuates significantly (Platonov, 1984; Green, 1991).

The accuracy of assessing strength qualities increases significantly when working in isokinetic mode. Currently, isokinetic simulators and diagnostic devices made on their basis are widely used in modern practice. For example, in recent years, for a comprehensive study of the strength capabilities of athletes, various diagnostic complexes have been widely used, the technical solutions of which are based on the results of both purely mechanical and anatomical and physiological experiments. The complexes consist of chairs with adjustable seat height and backrest tilt, and systems for attaching the torso and limbs, ensuring standard conditions when conducting research. The complexes are equipped with a system for regulating the amplitude and speed of movements (usually from 0 to 500 degrees" 1), and also include computer programs for processing factual material, analog and digital recording devices (Fig. 30.1).

The complexes make it possible to record isometric and dynamic strength at any point in the movement, the dynamics of the manifestation of force over the full amplitude of movements with different angular speeds of movement of body segments, as well as strength endurance during repeated performance of movements at different speeds. Force can be recorded when performing specified movements in different directions (flexion - extension, adduction - abduction).

When identifying an athlete's strength capabilities in different parts of a movement, the term "force curve" is commonly used. A force curve is a diagram of the resulting moment about an axis through a joint according to changes in the angle of the joint. At the same time, the choice of indicator for determining the power capabilities of an athlete (strength, N) or the resulting moment (Nm) depends on the equipment used, since it is known that both indicators provide reliable information about the power capabilities of a person (Hay, 1992).

The fundamental issue is the method of determining the angle of the joint to determine its shape at each specific moment of the exercise. Measurements of anatomical or included angles are used to indicate joint shape (Fig. 30.2). The chosen method for determining the joint angle determines the shape of the force graph, since the use of anatomical or included angles predetermines its opposite dynamics.

In Fig. 30.3-30.6 presents samples of registration of a number of indicators that reflect the strength potential of an athlete and registered using the Suvekh complex.

In addition to the general potential of the muscles that bear the main load when performing exercises characteristic of a particular sport, it is often advisable to establish the level of complex manifestation of strength capabilities in the process of performing strength exercises. As an example in Fig. 30.7 and 30.8 show the indicators of maximum traction force developed in swimming and rowing when performing specific work.

At speed force control use a force gradient, which is defined as the ratio of the maximum force exerted to the time it is achieved or as the time to reach the maximum level of muscle force (absolute gradient) or any given level of force, for example 50, 75% of the maximum level (relative gradient). Between athletes specializing in different sports, the differences in absolute gradient indicators are especially large (Kots, 1986; Hartmann, Tünnemann, 1988). Athletes performing in speed-strength sports have the highest absolute strength gradient. These indicators are quite high for sprinters specializing in cyclic sports, figure skaters, alpine skiers, and wrestlers. At the same time, athletes specializing in sports that require endurance are characterized by low absolute strength gradient indicators. When it comes to relative strength gradients, the differences are less pronounced (Sale, 1991).

In widespread sports practice, speed strength is most often measured by simple indirect methods - by the time an athlete performs a particular movement with a given resistance (usually 50, 75 or 100% of the maximum), the height of a standing jump, etc. At the same time, speed force is controlled often carried out in combination with the manifestation of speed and technical capabilities. An example is the indicators reflecting the effectiveness of the start (the time from the start signal to passing the 10-meter mark in swimming, the 30-meter mark in running, rowing, etc.); the time of performing integral motor acts that require high power capabilities (for example, throws in wrestling, etc.) (Platonov, Bulatova, 1992).

In the process of monitoring strength training, it is often necessary to differentiate the level of development starting And explosive force as forms of manifestation of speed force.

The ability to quickly develop strength, the level of development of which evaluates speed strength, is best determined with relatively small resistances - 40-50 % maximum power level. The duration of work should be very short - up to 50-80 ms, in order to reveal the ability of the muscles to quickly develop strength already at the beginning of the load. Therefore, the basis of tests for assessing speed strength are relatively simple and short-term loads characteristic of a particular sport - a punch in boxing, the initial phases of working arm movements in swimming or rowing, etc. Speed strength is especially well assessed when working in an isokinetic mode at high angular velocity. In this case, the values of the relative strength gradient are indicative - the time to reach 40-50% of the maximum level of muscle strength.

To monitor explosive strength, tests based on the holistic movements of a particular sport should be used - barbell snatch; dummy throw - in wrestling; a movement that imitates a stroke when working on a biokinetic bench, in swimming, etc. It is justified to evaluate explosive force using the absolute gradient of force.

Strength endurance It is advisable to evaluate when performing movements of an imitative nature, similar in form and features of the functioning of the neuromuscular system to competitive exercises, but with increased

Noah share of the power component. For cyclists, this means working on a bicycle ergometer with varying amounts of additional resistance to pedal rotation; for runners - running with additional resistance in a laboratory or at a stadium, running along a standard uphill route; for wrestlers - dummy throws in a given mode; for boxers - work on the bag, etc.

Improving the quality of control of strength endurance is facilitated by the use of strength training and diagnostic complexes specific to each sport, which make it possible to control strength qualities, taking into account the characteristics of their manifestation in special training and competitive activities. For example, to diagnose the strength endurance of swimmers, the so-called biokinetic bench is often used, which allows you to perform movements simulating strokes under conditions of muscle work in an isokinetic mode (Sharp, Troup, Costill, 1982). To assess the strength endurance of rowers, spring-lever simulators with varying resistance are often used depending on the actual capabilities of the muscles in different phases of the amplitude of movement.

Strength endurance is assessed in various ways:

According to the duration of a given standard work;

Based on the total amount of work performed during the execution of the test program;

According to the ratio of the force impulse at the end of the work provided for by the corresponding test to its maximum level (Fig. 30.9, 30.10).

FLEXIBILITY CONTROL

Flexibility control is aimed at identifying the athlete’s ability to perform movements with a large amplitude.

Active flexibility control carried out by quantitatively assessing the ability of athletes to perform exercises with a large amplitude due to the activity of skeletal muscles. Passive flexibility characterized by the range of movements achieved using external forces (help from a partner, the use of weights, block devices, etc.). Passive flexibility indicators are always higher than active flexibility indicators (Fig. 30.11). The difference between active and passive flexibility reflects the amount of reserve for the development of active flexibility. Since flexibility depends not only on the anatomical characteristics of the joints, but also on the state of the athlete’s muscular system, the control process reveals an indicator of active flexibility deficiency as the difference in the values of active and passive flexibility.

In sports practice, angular and linear measurements are used to determine joint mobility. During linear measurements, the results of control may be affected by the individual characteristics of the subjects, for example, the length of the arms or the width of the shoulders, which affect the results of measurements when bending forward or when performing a twist with a stick. Therefore, whenever possible, measures should be taken to eliminate this influence. For example, when performing a twist with a stick, it is effective to determine the flexibility index - an indicator of the ratio of grip width (cm) to shoulder width (cm). However, the need for this arises only when comparing the level of flexibility in athletes with different morphological characteristics.

Maximum range of motion of the athlete

can be measured by various methods: goniometric, optical, radiographic.

Goniometric method involves the use of a mechanical or electrical goniometer-goniometer, to one of the legs of which a protractor or potentiometer is attached. When determining the amplitude of movements, the legs of the goniometer are fixed on the longitudinal axes of the segments forming the joint.

Optical methods are associated with video recording of the movements of an athlete, on the joint points of whose body markers are attached. Processing the results of changes in the position of markers allows you to determine the amplitude of movements.

X-ray method can be used in cases where it is necessary to determine the anatomically permissible range of motion in a joint.

It should be recalled that an objective assessment of an athlete’s flexibility by determining mobility in individual joints is impossible, since high mobility in some joints may be accompanied by average or low mobility in others. Therefore, for a comprehensive study

flexibility, it is necessary to determine the range of motion in different joints (Hubley-Kozey, 1991).

Let us present the main methods used to assess mobility in various joints (Saigin, Yagomagi, 1983).

Mobility in the joints of the spinal column. It is usually determined by the degree of forward tilt of the torso. The athlete stands on a bench and leans forward as far as possible, without bending his legs at the knee joints. Mobility in the joints is assessed by the distance from the edge of the bench to the middle fingers (cm): if the fingers are higher than the edge of the bench, then the amount of mobility is insufficient; the lower the fingers, the higher the mobility in the joints of the spinal column (Fig. 30.12).

The mobility of the spinal column during lateral movements is judged by the difference between the distance from the floor to the middle finger of the hand when the athlete is in the main stance and when bending to the side to the limit.

To measure mobility during extension movements of the spinal column, the athlete bends as far back as possible from a starting standing position, with his feet shoulder-width apart. The distance between the sixth cervical and third lumbar vertebrae is measured.

Another method for determining mobility can be used when bending the torso forward (Fig. 30.13). The athlete sits on a gymnastic bench with his legs straightened without gripping with his hands. The torso and head are actively tilted forward and down. Using a goniometer, the angle between the vertical plane and the line connecting the iliac crest of the pelvis with the spinous process of the last (seventh) cervical vertebra is measured. Good mobility is noted when the athlete’s head touches the knees (angle of at least 150°); if the hands do not reach the ankle joints (angle less than 120°), mobility is poor.

Mobility V shoulder joint. The athlete sits on the floor with his back straight. Straight legs are extended forward (at the knees pressed to the floor). Straight arms are extended forward at shoulder height, palms facing inward. Another athlete, standing behind the subject, leans towards him and, taking his hands, moves them as far back as possible in a strictly horizontal plane. The subject should not bend his back or change the position of his palms. If his hands approach one another at a distance of 15 cm without much effort on the part of the assistant, it means that the athlete has average flexibility; if the arms touch or cross, it means that the amount of flexibility is above average.

In another method of assessing mobility in the shoulder joint, the athlete lies on his back on a gymnastic bench, with his head on the edge of the bench. The joined hands are lowered (passively - under their own weight) behind the head. The angle between the longitudinal axis of the shoulder and the horizontal plane is measured (Fig. 30.14). With good mobility, the elbows drop below the horizontal plane by 10-20°; with poor mobility, the arms are located horizontally or above the level of the bench.

Mobility in the ankle joint. To determine mobility when flexing the foot, the athlete sits on a bench, legs together, straightened at the knee joints, then bends the foot to the limit. If the foot is in a straight line with the shin (angle 180"), then flexibility is rated above average. The smaller this angle, the worse the mobility in the ankle joint; low mobility is noted when the angle between the longitudinal axis of the tibia and the axis of the foot is below 160" (Fig. 30.15).

For athletes of a number of specializations (for example, breaststroke swimming, ice hockey goalkeepers, freestyle wrestlers, etc.), the ability to rotate outward in the knee and hip joints is of great importance (Fig. 30.16). When rotating the knee joints, the athlete is in a kneeling position, heels together. By spreading the feet outward, which are in the position of dorsiflexion, he goes into a sitting position on the heels. The angle of passive rotation is measured, i.e. the angle between the axes of the feet (the line of the middle of the heel and the second toe). Good mobility is noted when the angle is 150° or more (visually: heels no higher than 3 cm from the floor); insufficient mobility - 90° or less (visually: the angle between the axes of the feet is less than straight). When rotating in the hip joints, the athlete lies on a gymnastic bench, legs straightened together, feet relaxed, then turns the feet outward as much as possible. The angle of active rotation between the axes of the feet is measured.

Good mobility is noted at an angle of 120° or more (visually: the second toe is at the level of the lower edge of the heel); poor mobility -

90 degrees and less (visually: the angle between the feet is less than a right angle).

Mobility in the joints can also be assessed during exercises aimed at developing flexibility. In this case, exercises can be both basic and special in nature. When using basic exercises, it is necessary to perform various movements (flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation) that require a high level of mobility in the joints (Fig. 30.17). Exercises should be varied in order to fully evaluate both active and passive flexibility. However, the use of exercises is of particular importance for assessing the level special flexibility, taking into account the close relationship between the level of mobility in the joints and the effectiveness of sports equipment, the ability to realize strength, speed qualities, and endurance coordination (Platonov, 1980; Shabir, 1983).

The specifics of each sport dictate the requirements for the selection of special exercises. For example, for sports and artistic

gymnastics, acrobatics, and diving, the following mobility indicators recorded when performing special exercises may be effective:

Angle of forward leaning from a sitting position;

The angle of lifting (holding) the leg forward and to the side;

The distance from the hand to the heel of the supporting leg when performing a gymnastic bridge on one leg, the other forward and upward.

When controlling flexibility, it should be taken into account that different sports and even different disciplines of the same type make different demands on mobility in certain joints. For example, the data in table 30.1 reflect the demands placed on joint mobility by various sports.

ENDURANCE CONTROL

Endurance control is carried out using a variety of tests, which can be specific and non-specific. Non-specific tests include physical activity that differs from competitive activity in the coordination structure of movements and the peculiarities of the functioning of supporting systems. Nonspecific tests are most often based on running or walking on a treadmill or pedaling on a bicycle ergometer.

Specific tests are based on performing work in which the coordination structure of movements and the activity of systems that support this work are as close as possible to the specifics of competitive activity. For this purpose, various combinations of special preparatory exercises are used (for example, dosed series of throws in wrestling, series of segments in running or rowing, sets of specific exercises in games, etc.). For runners, specific tests are based on the material of running on a treadmill, for cyclists - pedaling on a bicycle ergometer, for skiers - walking with poles on a treadmill, for swimmers - swimming in a hydrochannel.

Indicators for checking the physical development of football players.

Let us now consider, using specific examples, control methods used in sports training.

Control in sports- this is, first of all, control over a person’s physical condition, his technical and tactical skills and loads during training sessions.

It is known that the physical condition of a person is characterized by the level of physique, state of health and the degree of development of motor functions. Therefore, monitoring physical condition essentially comes down to monitoring these three indicators.

Body composition can be assessed using various anthropometric instruments. The detailed methodology for such measurements is described quite fully in the guidelines for medical supervision. Let us only note here that physique indicators are especially informative for young (under 16-17 years old) and poorly trained football players. Using these groups of athletes, it is possible to trace how the level of physique changes under the influence of physical activity of different magnitude and nature. In adult qualified athletes, physique level indicators can indirectly indicate the degree of development of a person’s motor qualities. For example, absolute indicators of strength and strength endurance turn out to be greater in football players of large weight and height. At the same time, such athletes have less ability to perform work performed in purely aerobic conditions, etc.

Tests that assess the level of physique are used only for periodic (stage-by-stage) monitoring. It is inappropriate to use them as tests of current or operational control, since most of them practically do not change under the influence of one or a series of training sessions.

Currently, the following indicators are used to check the physical development of football players:

1) body length, 2) body weight, 3) leg length, 4) foot size, 5) fat mass, 6) muscle mass, 7) the ratio between fat and muscle mass.

Measuring these indicators is not difficult, and if the researcher is well prepared, it can be carried out within 5-7 minutes.

Information about the size of a football player’s body, and especially about the ratio of his fat and muscle components, can quite accurately indicate the predominance of energy production during work, the dynamics of adaptation to training loads, etc.

Only a doctor can assess your health status. His information is extremely important and the trainer must always take medical advice into account.

The degree of development of motor functions is externally manifested in the level of development of motor qualities, which can be measured by the result in a competitive exercise. However, taking into account that this result is also influenced by other types of athlete’s training (technical, volitional, etc.), and also that it is generally impossible to accurately measure the result in football, this method of assessment should be considered very approximate. Evaluation can also be made based on the result of performing any element of a competitive exercise. So, to measure the level of strength qualities of a football player, you can measure the force (or force gradient) at the moment of repulsion. Finally, the third way to assess the level of physical fitness is associated with the use of control exercises, i.e. tests. The main requirement is that the tests be technically very simple. Only then will the result in control exercises be determined by the level of development of motor qualities.

It is advisable to measure the level of development of a football player’s motor qualities using the following tests:

1. Running 15 m from the start - to assess the ability to start quickly (“starting” speed).

2. Running 15 m on the move - to assess the level of development of maximum speed capabilities (“distance” speed).

It is known that the relationship between the starting and distance speeds can be very different, but in general there is no dependence between them. This means that the player who has the best performance in the 15m sprint from the start may end up last in the 15m sprint from the start. In other words, one side of a football player’s speed abilities is well developed (the ability to start quickly), while the other is poorly developed. Therefore, in training sessions, by monitoring the speed capabilities of the players, the coach will be able to clearly determine in which direction it is necessary to continue working on improving such an important component of a football player’s preparedness as running speed.

3. Standing high jump, pushing off with both legs, to assess jumping ability.

4.Step test - to assess endurance.

To assess the same quality, tests such as maximum oxygen consumption (MOC) and maximum anaerobic capacity (MAC) are used.

Assessing the agility of football players using special tests is quite difficult. First of all, because it is difficult to find a test that would actually reproduce actual game situations.

For a very approximate assessment of what we conventionally call agility (or coordination abilities), we can use tests in which football players must, on assignment, reproduce certain values of power, spatial and temporal characteristics of movement (for example, jump up to a height equal to 26-50% from the maximum, send the ball 10, 15, 20 m, etc.).

An athlete's technical skill can be assessed in several ways. The simplest of them is a visual assessment of movement technique (by eye). In some sports, this method remains the only one to this day. This is how technical skill is measured in football, gymnastics, acrobatics, figure skating and some other sports. However, the following indicators best indicate the technical skill of a football player (according to V.M. Zatsiorsky):

1. The volume of technique, or the number of actions (techniques) that an athlete can perform.

2. Versatility of the action, i.e., how varied the movements (techniques) used by the player are.

3. Efficiency of movement technique.

Equipment volume indicators are important for two reasons. Firstly, they are closely related to the level of development of motor qualities. This means that the more movements an athlete has, the stronger, faster and more resilient he is. Secondly, a large amount of equipment gives the athlete who owns it certain advantages over his opponent. He can win a fight by using a technique for which the opponent does not have a corresponding counter.

According to the proposal of Yu. A. Morozov, in football the volume of technique is assessed according to the following indicators: short and medium passes back and across the field, short passes forward, long passes, selection, interception, heading, shots on goal, free kicks and corner kicks. All these techniques are performed by football players in a game, and their number ranges from 600 to 1000. It is assumed that if a team performed 800-900 techniques during a game, then its activity was at a high level. Note, however, that in each specific case it is necessary to carefully analyze the components of this sum. It may turn out that the increase in volume was achieved through aimless and lengthy drawing. Therefore, in all cases, the shorthand analysis of the game must be complemented by a qualitative analysis of the coach.

The same can be said about such an indicator of technical skill as versatility of technology. This indicator characterizes the variety of motor skills. Let's assume that an athlete has a large amount of technique, but almost all the exercises he knows are monotonous. For example, only defensive techniques or only offensive techniques are used. In this case, it is very difficult to win a fight with an opponent with versatile technique. An athlete who can be said to be technically well-trained has, as a rule, not just a high level of motor qualities, but their harmonious development. In addition, during competitions such an athlete almost always “imposes” his tactics on his opponent, controlling his actions with a variety of responses.

One of the ways to evaluate effectiveness is to compare the sports result with the potential capabilities of the athlete. In this case, they are determined by the level of development of motor qualities. Usually the results in two exercises are compared: technically complex and technically simple, which require the manifestation of the same motor qualities. For example, the difference between the results in a 20-meter run and when performing the same run, but dribbling a ball, is assessed.

The most common way to assess the effectiveness of a technique in football is to calculate the efficiency coefficient (EC), which is calculated as the ratio of correctly (error-free) techniques performed to all techniques. Moreover, depending on the purposes of calculating the FE, it can be generalized or specific. The generalized FE is calculated immediately for all the techniques performed by the football player in the game. For example, F. Beckenbauer in the 1974 World Championship match performed 117 techniques during the game and only made a mistake in 7. Its generalized FE = 0.93. In the same game, the athlete made 33 dribbles and never made a mistake; 6 interceptions, two of which were errors. Partial EC: for dribbles = 1.0, for interceptions = 0.66.

Efficiency ratios for players of different roles are different. For defenders, a good EC is considered to be 0.85, for midfielders - 0.75-0.80, for forwards - 0.65-0.70.

After the athlete’s physical condition and his technical and tactical skills have been assessed, planning of training work can begin.