And the improvement of consciousness, which requires discipline, perseverance, self-control, adherence to etiquette, understanding the relationship between success and the efforts necessary to achieve it.
Currently, the so-called traditional judo(represented by Kodokan judo and a number of other judo schools) and sports judo, competitions in which are held at the international level and are included in the program of the Olympic Games. In sports judo, developed by the International Judo Federation (IJF), more emphasis is placed on the competitive component, while in traditional judo, additional attention is paid to questions of self-defense and philosophy, which, not least, influenced the differences in competition rules and permitted techniques. ...
Judo technique has been the basis of many modern styles of martial arts, including sambo, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Kawaisi Ryu jujutsu, Kosen judo. Morihei Ueshiba (creator of aikido), Mitsuyo Maeda (founder of Brazilian jiu-jitsu), Vasily Oshchepkov (one of the creators of sambo) and Gozo Shioda (founder of the Yoshinkan style of aikido) were trained in judo.
History
The formation of judo fell on the 1880s, a difficult period for martial arts after the Meiji restoration. At that time, the policy of borrowing Western culture and traditional martial arts dominated among the leaders of Japan ( budo) were not worried better times... The old masters stopped teaching, some even died in poverty.
The early history of judo is inseparable from the life history of its creator, Jigoro Kano, an outstanding Japanese public figure and teacher, whose work was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun. Jigoro Kano was interested in jujutsu from childhood, in his youth he studied the styles of jujutsu of the Tenjin Shinyo Ryu and Kito Ryu schools. On their basis, he developed a new wrestling system, which he gave the name Kodokan judo.
Name judo was already used by that time in Japanese martial arts as a synonym for the name jujutsu (jujitsu), but Jigoro Kano filled it with new content, declaring the basis of the "Path" ( before) self-improvement, and not technique ( jutsu). Also, by choosing such a name, Kano wanted to emphasize the humanistic orientation of judo, in order to once again note its difference from jujutsu, which, after the Meiji restoration, was considered by many people as a rude occupation, intended only for murder, unworthy of an enlightened person.
Kano did not include a number of the most dangerous jujutsu techniques in the list of permitted for use in judo competitions in order to make the competition safer for the participants. At the same time, more traumatic techniques continue to be studied in the form of kata.
The first hall of the Kodokan judo school had an area of only 12 tatami (about 22 m²), but thanks to the organizational talents of Jigoro Kano, judo quickly became widely known. This was facilitated by the movement for the revival of budo, led by the Association of Military Virtue (Dai Nippon Butokukai), and the competition with representatives of other schools of jujutsu, held from 1885 to 1888 under the auspices of the General Police Department, in which judokas participated. One of the participants in these competitions was Saigo Shiro, known as the "judo genius".
By 1887, under the leadership of Kano, the technical base of the Kodokan judo style was formed, and in 1900 the rules for judging competitions were developed.
Judo owes its development in Russia and the USSR, first of all, to Vasily Sergeevich Oshchepkov. Vasily Sergeevich Oshchepkov spent his childhood and adolescence in Japan (starting in 1905) and was one of the first Europeans to pass the master degree exam given in the Kodokan. In 1917 he was awarded 2nd dan.
In the 1930s, V.S.Oshchepkov actively developed judo in the USSR, first in the Far East (, 1917-1925), and then in Novosibirsk () and in Moscow (since 1930).
After the arrest and death of Oshchepkov in 1937, his students, based on judo, developed a new type of wrestling - sambo. In 1938, the name judo (in the then used version of the spelling "Freestyle wrestling judo") was used in official documents for the last time, then only the name "freestyle wrestling" was used, and then "sambo". In the opinion expressed by the historian of Russian hand-to-hand combat MN Lukashev, this was caused by the desire of a number of athletes to emphasize the lack of connection between this style of fighting with Oshchepkov, who was declared an "enemy of the people."
Judo in the world
As of June 2010, there are 198 national judo federations in the IJF. In total, about 28 million people are engaged in judo in the world, 8 million of them in Japan and about 200 thousand in Russia. According to the International Federation of Amateur Wrestling ( English) (FILA), judo, along with Greco-Roman wrestling, freestyle wrestling and sambo, is one of the four most popular types of wrestling in the world.
Judo technique
The three main technical divisions of Kodokan style judo are: kata(jap. 形 kata, letters. "Form", a set of formal exercises, kata in judo are performed in pairs), randori(Japanese 乱 取 り randori, letters. "Free grips", wrestling according to predetermined rules for the purpose of teaching any technical techniques), shiai(Japanese 試 合 siai, "competitions").
Also, the training program for Kodokan Judo includes kihon(jap. 基本 kihon, "Basics", this section includes training in basic stances ( sisei), displacements ( xingtai and taisabaki), self-belay ( ukemi), and kumikata- methods of taking a grip) and kappo- resuscitation technique.
Form for classes
Brown (1st kyu)
Black (1st..5th dan)
Red and white (6th ... 8th dan)
Red (9th ... 10th dan)
Depending on the qualifications of a judoka, an apprenticeship ( kyu) or workshop (dan) degree.
In total, there are 6 kyu in Kodokan judo, the lowest level is the 6th kyu. The oldest is the 1st kyu; more degrees are accepted for children in some judo federations kyu.
There are 10 degrees in judo, the youngest is 1st dan, the oldest is 10th dan.
Each degree has its own belt color. Belt colors may vary depending on country and judo federation.
For athletes of the highest master degrees, belts of red-white (6th ... 8th dan) and red (9th ... 10th dan, awarded for the development of judo) colors are also used. For athletes of the highest dignity, judo etiquette is allowed to tie a black belt during training instead of red-white or red belts.
The method of improving consciousness
Judo practice contributes to the harmonious spiritual development of the students, since it stimulates a positive approach to events, requires discipline, perseverance, adherence to etiquette, understanding the relationship between success and the efforts necessary to achieve it.
Jigoro Kano in his speeches pointed out that judo as a method of improving consciousness includes various aspects. In particular, the development of the morality of those who go in for judo is ensured by virtue of the very specificity of judo training. It is achieved, among other things, due to a gradual change in the role of a judo practitioner from a student to a teacher in the process of learning techniques in pairs, practicing with different levels of training, which leads to the need to help each other.
Kano also noted that judo classes require self-control, which has a positive effect on the student's personality. And training memory (due to the need to learn complex techniques), observation (thanks to practice randori) and the development of imagination and creativity (when mastering variable techniques), the ability to express one's thoughts (for example, when describing techniques), thanks to judo classes, develop in a complex.
In his report "General Information on Judo and its Value in Education" for the Greater Japan Education Society, made on May 11, 1889, Jigoro Kano said:
For those who go in for judo, Kano developed a number of instructions:
These instructions apply to both judo training and daily life.
Judo as a sport
Since the inception of judo, Jigoro Kano has promoted it as a health-promoting sport.
Sports judo has become widespread, national, continental and world championships are held on it, as well as cup tournaments ("Grand Slam", "World Super Cup", "European Club Cup" and others). There are also championships for juniors and veterans.
Judo is an Olympic and Paralympic sport. The International Judo Federation (IJF) is engaged in the development of sports judo in the world.
Every year, the IJF publishes a world ranking of judokas, calculated on the basis of the results shown by judokas in continental and world championships, as well as international cup competitions. A world ranking of judges is also published.
The participation of athletes in competitions at the level of continental championships, world championships and the Olympic Games is determined by their position in the Unified World Ranking List (WRL) International Federation judo. The rating list is formed by the points scored by judokas at World Cup competitions, Grand Prix, Grand Slam and Masters tournaments, continental championships, world championships and the Olympic Games. Victory in each tournament has its own score in points, which is relevant throughout the year, after a year it decreases by a quarter, after two years it decreases by half, after three years - by 75%, and after 4 years it is reset.
Sport competitions
Judo competitions are held in wrestling technique ( shiai) and by kata(the competition is held in pairs, the correctness of the execution of all elements of the kata is assessed).
Competitions by the form of participation of athletes are divided into:
· Personal;
· Team;
· Personal and command.
Depending on the system of elimination of participants in the competition, the following are held:
· According to the Olympic system with consolation matches ("Olympic system with consolation from semi-finalists");
· According to the Olympic system without consolation matches;
· On a round-robin basis;
· On a mixed system.
The largest international and national competitions are held according to the Olympic system with consolation from semi-finalists. In this scheme, all participants in the competition are divided into two groups (pools) and competitions are held in them according to the Olympic system. The winner of the competition and the silver medalist is determined in the final bout of the winners of both groups.
In addition to the first and second places in this scheme, two third places are played. Consolation matches are held in two groups between all athletes who were defeated by the winners in each group. The winner of the repechage matches in each of the groups then competes for the 3rd place with the athlete from the other group who lost the semi-final.
The judokas are fought on a square carpet (tatami) with a minimum size of 14 × 14 meters. The fight takes place inside a square measuring 8 × 8 meters or 10 × 10 meters. The outer tatami zone, at least 3 meters wide, serves to ensure the safety of the athletes. When the athlete leaves the tatami, the bout stops and the athletes return on the judge's command to the tatami while maintaining the existing relative position. If during the performance of techniques any of the athletes is outside the tatami, then only the technical actions that were started inside the tatami are evaluated.
During the competitions held by the International Judo Federation, judokas are dressed in judogi of different colors - blue and white. The duration of the bout for adult athletes is 5 minutes. In case of equal marks at the end of regular time, an additional bout time of 2 minutes may be assigned.
The judo competition is judged by three judges (an arbiter on the tatami and two side judges).
There are also competitions in judo and for disabled people (including those with visual impairments), the rules of which have been changed taking into account the capabilities of athletes.
Athletes are allowed to throw in a standing position, as well as hold-downs, painful and suffocating holds on the ground (unlike traditional judo, painful holds are allowed only on the elbow joint). Painful and suffocating holds in a standing position, as well as strikes ( atemi) are prohibited in sports judo.
The fight always begins in the standing position of the wrestlers. When entering the tatami, judokas bow. Also, before the start of the bout and after its end, the athletes bow to each other and to the judges.
The bout starts at the command of the referee "Hajime". To temporarily stop the fight, the “mate” command is used. At the end of the fight, the referee gives the command "soro-made".
To fix the position of the wrestlers when wrestling on the ground (for example, to move them from the edge of the tatami to the center), the command “sono-mama” (do not move) is given.
If the technical action in the bout succeeded, it is evaluated. There are three estimates: "yuko" (Japanese 有効 yu: to:, letters. "Effective"), "waza-ari" (Japanese 技 あ り waza ari, letters. "Half technique") and "ippon" (Jap. 一 本 ippon, letters. "One point", a clear victory). The highest mark is “ippon”, below is “waza-ari”, even below is “yuko” (the previously used fourth (lowest) mark “koka” (Japanese 効果 to: ka, letters. "Result") was canceled in 2009). In this case, "waza-ari" is evaluated higher than any number of "yuko" evaluations received by the opponent; and waza-ari plus yuko scores higher than just waza-ari. If any of the athletes performs two techniques during the bout, assessed as "waza-ari", then the judge awards him a victory ("waza-ari-avasete-ippon" - "I combine waza-ari and I award ippon»).
Ippon is awarded in the following cases:
· When a judoka quickly and strongly throws the opponent on his back (most of it);
When a judoka holds a hold for more than 25 seconds;
· When an opponent of a judoka, as a result of a painful or chokehold technique, utters the word "maita" (surrender) or two or more times slaps his hand or foot;
When the result of a painful or chokehold technique is obvious to the judges (for example, in case of loss of consciousness by a judoka on which the technique is being held).
The "waza-ari" mark is awarded in the following cases:
· When a judoka throws the opponent on a smaller part of the back, or with insufficient speed or strength (that is, the throw contains two of the three elements necessary to award the Ippon mark;
· When a judoka holds a hold for more than 20 seconds, but less than 25 seconds.
The Yuko grade is awarded in the following cases:
· When a judoka throws the opponent on a smaller part of the back with insufficient speed or strength (the throw contains one of the three elements necessary for awarding the mark "ippon";)
· When a judoka holds a hold for more than 15 seconds but less than 20 seconds.
For violations of the requirements of the rules of the competition, the judge can assign punishments to athletes - "cido" (Japanese 指導 si: before, punishment). Punishments are imposed for the performance of actions prohibited by the rules, passivity, etc. The first violation punished by "shido" is evaluated as a warning. When the athlete is given the second "shido", his opponent is automatically awarded the score "yuko". For the third violation of the athlete, his opponent is awarded the score "waza-ari" (the score obtained for the previous violation is canceled). The fourth violation leads to the immediate end of the bout and disqualification - "hansoku-make" (Japanese 反 則 負 け hansoku make, letters. “Loss due to violation of the rules”) - the athlete who violated the rules. At the same time, his opponent is automatically rated "ippon". For serious violations of the rules, the hansoku-make penalty may be imposed without the prior imposition of a shido.
On January 1, 2010, changes in the rules of the competitions held by the International Judo Federation came into force.
In the new edition of the rules, a number of technical actions are prohibited. In particular, it is prohibited and punishable by disqualification to seize (attack) the leg or any part of the opponent's body below the belt, performed as the first technical action. Low defensive stance is also prohibited (punishment - shido). Any violation of the spirit of judo is also punished by disqualification.
The changes also affected the refereeing: now, in addition to the visual control of the bout by the referee on the tatami and two side referees, the bout will be recorded by two video cameras of the "Care" system. In case of equal scores of the rivals, within an additional 2 minutes of the time of the bout before the first score (the so-called "Golden Score"), the scoreboard displays the results that existed at the end of the regular time of the bout. If there are no marks before the end of extra time, the decision on the winner is made by the judges.
Weight categories
Initially, division into weight categories was not used in judo competitions. The first proposals for dividing into weight categories were made by R.G. Moore (eng. R. H. " Pop" MooreSr. ) at the request of Jigoro Kano during the 1932 X Olympic Games in Los Angeles.
The first system of weight categories was developed in 1948 in the United States under the leadership of Henry Stone (eng. HenryStone) by the Northern California Judo Technical Committee. The following 4 weight categories were introduced: up to 130 pounds, up to 150 pounds, up to 180 pounds and absolute.
At the 1952 European Championships, held in Paris, in addition to the division of athletes by kyu / dan ranks, competitions were held in the weight categories up to 63 kg, up to 70 kg, over 80 kg and in the absolute weight category.
Until 1964, there were no weight classes in the judo world championships. They were only introduced before the Tokyo Olympics, in part due to heavyweight Anton Gesink's numerous victories over Japanese judokas.
In 1964, 4 weight categories were introduced for competitions among men: light (up to 63 kg), medium (up to 80 kg), light heavy (up to 93 kg) and absolute.
At the 1972 Olympic Games, the division by weight categories was revised, there were 6 of them: light (up to 63 kg), welterweight (up to 70 kg), medium (up to 80 kg), light heavy (up to 93 kg), heavy (over 93 kg) and absolute.
In 1980, the number of categories was increased again, there were 8 of them: super light (up to 60 kg), featherweight (up to 65 kg), light (up to 71 kg), welterweight (up to 78 kg), medium (up to 86 kg), light heavy ( up to 95 kg), heavy (over 95 kg) and absolute.
In 1992, the absolute weight category was abolished.
As of February 2010, judokas are divided into 7 weight categories in sports judo. The following weight categories are accepted for adult participants:
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Occupational safety and injury rate
Research shows that sports judo is generally safe for the health of young people. Sports judo in adult athletes has a higher injury rate compared to non-contact sports, but comparable in level with injuries in other contact competitive sports.
Most of the injuries (about 70%) in the annual training cycle of judokas occur during the competition period.
The main causes of injuries among judokas are improper organization of the training process and competitions, mistakes in teaching methods, violation of competition rules and technically incorrect execution of a technique, insufficient quality of self-insurance.
About 50% of injuries are caused by abrupt or excessive flexion, extension, or twisting of the joint; about 40% of injuries are associated with a fall or are the result of a blow; up to 10% of injuries have a combined mechanism of occurrence.
Japan 1961 - French judoka, two-time Olympic champion (1996 and 2000) and four-time world champion.
In 1911, Jigoro Kano organized the Japan Sports Association and became its president. Work on improving the judo system continued until 1922. All this time, Kano improved various techniques, striving to ensure that this type of struggle was simple enough and as practical as possible in action. During the same period, judo is gaining more and more popularity in Europe.
During the Second World War, the widespread use of judo was interrupted. At the same time, in many armies, training in this single combat was included in the compulsory program of physical training of servicemen.
In 1947, a new impetus to the revival of judo was given by the appearance of Japanese coaches at American military bases, who began to teach fighting techniques to soldiers and officers. Competitions are resumed throughout Japan, and in 1948 the country's first post-war championship is held. In the same year, the European Judo Union was formed. Today the European Union unites more than 30 countries.
A significant event in the development of judo was the organization of the International Judo Federation, whose members today are about 100 countries.
This sport entered the program of the Olympic Games at the competitions in Tokyo in 1964 as the national sports discipline of the hosts of the competition. Jigoro Kano's dream came true.
Judo is one of the most popular types of wrestling today. Anyone who appreciates in single combat not only physical strength, but also intelligence, nobility, mutual respect, gives his sympathy to judo.
Shortly before World War II, Kano tried to interest the International Olympic Committee in a new sports discipline. But, returning in 1938 from a meeting of the IOC, held in Cairo, he died on the ship.
Jigoro's dream came true only in 1964, when judo entered the program of the Olympic Games at competitions in Tokyo as the national sports discipline of the hosts of the competition.
But fifteen years before that, the All Japan and European Judo Federations had emerged. Since 1951, the International Judo Federation began to work. In 1956, the 1st World Judo Championship is held, and since 1962 - the European Championships. Now 92 countries of the world are members of the International Judo Federation.
Since 1962, European championships have been held, and in Olympic program As mentioned above, judo entered the XVIII Olympic Games in Tokyo.
Initially, Japanese judokas were unmatched in the international arena, however, very soon the myth of the invincibility of the Japanese in judo was destroyed, and today athletes from almost all continents of the world have become winners and prize-winners of the World Championships and the Olympic Games.
Now 92 countries of the world are members of the International Judo Federation. This suggests that today judo is one of the most popular sports and this popularity is increasing every year thanks to the noble principles laid down in the basis of this kind of martial art by the great master and teacher Kano Jigoro.
386 athletes competed for 14 sets of medals: 7 for men and women.
Judokas from Of Japan at these Games they won the most medals and took 1st place medal standings- 3 gold, silver and 8 bronze awards.
In 2nd place - France, which has 5 medals - 2 gold and 2 silver and one bronze.
Russia located on the 2nd line, she has only 3 medals.
Russian Beslan Mudranov won gold of the judo tournament in the weight category up to 60 kg and thus brought the Russian team the first medal at the Games. Later, Russian Khasan Khalmurzaev became the winner Olympic tournament in the weight category up to 81 kg.
The third medal for Russia was won by Natalya Kuzyutina - she won bronze in the weight category up to 52 kg.
Kosovo, which made its debut at the Olympic Games, the first Olympic medal in history in all sports won Maylinda Kelmendi in the category up to 60 kg.
Kyrgyzstan 2 judokas represented at the Games. Otar Bestaev competed in the weight category up to 60 kg. In the 1/16 finals, the representative of Kyrgyzstan Ippon defeated Ahmed Abelrakhman from Egypt and made it to the 1/8 finals, where he lost to the third number in the world ranking Orkhan Safarov from Azerbaijan.
In the weight category over 100 kg, Kyrgyzstani Yuri Krakovetsky competed, who reached the quarterfinals, where he lost to Abdullo Tangriev from Uzbekistan. In the consolation tournament, Krakovetsky met with Cuban Alex Garcia Mendoza and lost to Ippon. In the final protocol, the Kyrgyzstani took 7th place.
Outcomes Olympic competitions in judo
Only men competed. In total, 8 sets of medals were played.
Soviet judokas did not perform as well in the tournament as planned. Despite the increase in the number of weight categories and the absence of strong athletes from a number of countries (especially from Japan) due to the boycott, Soviet judokas won only 2 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze medals, while 4 years earlier in Montreal, representatives of the USSR won 2 gold medals. 2 silver and 1 bronze awards.
Nevertheless, the USSR national team became the best overall medal standings ahead of the French, who won 1 less bronze. Also, five awards were on the account of the judoists of the GDR - 1 gold and 4 bronze.
2 gold awards won in Moscow Shotoy Khabarli and Nikolay Solodukhin, became the last for the USSR in judo at the Olympic Games, in 1984 Soviet athletes did not participate in the Games in Los Angeles, and in 1988 in Seoul they did not manage to win a single gold.
Shota Khabareli rejoices at the victory in the category up to 78 kg.
Jürg Roethlisberger won the first and so far only gold medal for Switzerland in judo at the Olympics. Bulgarians have won 2 out of 3 of their judo awards at the Olympic Games in history in Moscow. Vladimir Kotsman won the only Olympic award in judo for Czechoslovakia in history.
We won 2 awards in Moscow Angelo Parisi from France and German from East Germany Dietmar Lorenz... At the same time, Lorenz, the bronze medalist in the category up to 95 kg, managed to win in the final of the absolute weight category Parisi, the Olympic champion in the category over 95 kg.
Nikolai Solodukhin's story about the judo tournament
Nikolai Solodukhin arrived in the Olympic village a few days after the start of the Olympics, right after the training camp in Podolsk. “I didn’t want to be distracted once again, because I was tuning in to the main competitions in my life,” the Olympic champion explains. However, on the eve of the first fight he was not allowed to fall asleep. Athletes from third world countries walked with might and main - they arranged ritual dances in the corridor, apparently hoping in this way to attract good luck.
The next day, at 10 am, the judokas went to Luzhniki. “To say that I was seriously preparing for the Olympics means to say nothing. Before the start of the judo tournament, I knew the entire draw. I knew that all the strongest wrestlers of the planet would gather in my weight category: the Frenchman Delving, the Olympic champion of Montreal, the Cuban Rodriguez. It was necessary to think over the preparation for the fight with each favorite. As a result of careful preparation I won against the Cuban in 1.5-2 minutes. Delving also won. "
Final fight in the category up to 65 kg. Nikolay Solodukhin (right) against an athlete from Mongolia Tsendiin Damdin
However, the surprise to the Soviet athlete was presented not by an eminent rival, but by an unknown Mongolian judoka Damdin, with whom Solodukhin met in the final bout for Olympic gold. The sports intelligence of the USSR national team had no information about Damdin, and he was not exhausted by the battles, since there were no first-magnitude stars in his group. In addition, he weighed 12 kilograms more than Solodukhin, and specially cut the weight before the fight, which meant that he didn’t need to gain weight, and with it, strength. In the fight, Nikolai almost three times was defeated by Ippon (throw on the back, after which a clear victory is awarded - ed.), but in the end Solodukhin managed to hold a reception and, with a minimal margin, bring the fight to victory "I learned the main lesson: there are no weak opponents at the Olympics," Nikolai Ivanovich admits.
Prize-winners in the category up to 65 kg, second from right - Nikolay Solodukhin
All winners:
Up to 60 kg
1. Thierry Rey (France)
2. Jose Rodriguez (Cuba)
3. Aramby Emizh (USSR)
Tibor Kinches (Hungary).
Up to 65 kg
1. Nikolay Solodukhin (USSR)
2. Tsendiin Damdin (Mongolia)
3. Ilian Nedkov (Bulgaria)
Janusz Pavlovsky (Poland).
Up to 71 kg
1. Ezio Gamba (Italy)
2. Neil Adams (UK)
3. Ravdangiin Davaadalai (Mongolia)
Karl-Heinz Lehmann (GDR).
Up to 78 kg
1. Shota Khabarli (USSR)
2. Juan Ferrer (Cuba)
3. Bernard Chuluyan (France)
Harald Heinke (GDR).
Up to 86 kg
1. Jürg Roethlisberger (Switzerland)
2. Isaac Askui (Cuba)
3.Alexander Yatskevich (USSR)
Detlef Ultsh (GDR).
Up to 95 kg
1.Robert Van de Walle (Belgium)
2. Tengiz Khubuluri (USSR)
3. Henk Nyman (Netherlands)
Dietmar Lorenz (GDR).
Over 95 kg
1. Angelo Parisi (France)
2. Dimitar Zapryanov (Bulgaria)
3. Radomir Kovacevic (Yugoslavia)
Vladimir Kotsman (Czechoslovakia).
1. Dietmar Lorenz (GDR)
2. Angelo Parisi (France)
3. Arthur Mupp (Great Britain)
Andras Ojvar (Hungary).
