Gymnastics is not only grace and sophisticated aesthetics, but also willpower and courage. This article is about the males who have left their mark on this sport.
Alexey Dityatin- threefold Olympic champion, seven-time world champion, two-time European champion, multiple champion of the Spartakiad of the peoples of the USSR, Honored Master of Sports of the USSR. Alexey Nikolaevich was born on August 7 in Leningrad. He is the only gymnast in the world to have medals in all evaluated exercises at the same Games: at the Moscow Olympics in 1980, he won 3 gold, 4 silver and 1 bronze medals, thereby inscribing himself in the Guinness Book of Records.
Koji Gushiken- Olympic Japanese champion and world champion. Born November 12, 1956 in Osaka. In 1979 he won silver and bronze medals at the World Championship. In 1980, due to a boycott organized by Western countries, he could not take part in the Olympic Games in Moscow, but in 1981 at the World Championships held in Moscow he won gold, silver and two bronze medals... At the 1983 World Championships, he won gold, silver and bronze medals. In 1984, at the Olympic Games in Los Angeles, he won two gold, silver and two bronze medals. In 1985 he won a bronze medal at the World Championship; in the same year, he announced the end of his sports career.
Vladimir Artyomov- (born December 7, 1964, Vladimir, USSR) - Soviet gymnast, four-time Olympic champion, one of the best gymnasts of all time. Honored Master of Sports of the USSR (1984). Graduated from the Vladimir State Pedagogical Institute, where he later taught. He played for the local VDFSO trade unions "Burevestnik".
World champion in the team championship (1985, 1987 and 1989), in exercises on uneven bars (1983, 1987 and 1989), silver medalist in all-around (1985), in the team championship (1983), in floor exercises (1987 and 1989), in exercises on the bar (1989). Absolute champion of the USSR (1984). In 1990 he left for the USA, where he currently lives in Pennsylvania.
Vitaly Shcherbo- (born January 13, 1972, Minsk, Belorussian SSR, USSR) - Soviet and Belarusian gymnast, six-time Olympic champion in 1992 (the only non-swimmer in history who won 6 gold medals at one Games), one of the best gymnasts of all time (the only a man who became world champion in all 8 disciplines - individual and team championship, as well as in all 6 apparatus). Honored Master of Sports of the USSR (1991), Honored Master of Sports of the Republic of Belarus (1994).
Alexey Nemov -(born May 28, 1976, settlement Barashevo, Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) - Russian gymnast, 4-time Olympic champion. Colonel of the RF Armed Forces in reserve. Chief Editor magazine "Bolshoi Sport". Alexei Nemov at the age of six began to engage in artistic gymnastics at a specialized children's and youth school of the Olympic reserve of the Volga Automobile Plant in the city of Tolyatti. He studied at the 34th school. Since 1983 he has been training with the master of sports in gymnastics, honored coach of Russia Yevgeny Grigorievich Nikolko. In 1999, Alexey Nemov graduated from the Togliatti branch of the Samara State Pedagogical University. Alexey Nemov won his first victory in 1989 at the USSR youth championship. After a successful start, almost every year he began to achieve outstanding results. In 1990, Nemov became the winner in certain types of all-around at the Spartakiad of student youth of the USSR. In 1990-1993, he was a repeated participant in international competitions and a winner in both individual types of the program and in the absolute championship.
In 1993, Nemov won the victory at the RSFSR Cup in the all-around, and at the international meeting "Stars of the World 94" he became the bronze medalist in the all-around. A year later, Alexei Nemov wins the Russian championship, becomes a four-time champion of the Goodwill Games in St. Petersburg and receives three gold and one silver medals at the European Championships in Italy.
On XXVI Olympic games in Atlanta (USA) Alexei Nemov becomes a two-time Olympic champion, receives two gold, one silver and three bronze medals. In 1997 he conquers gold medal at the World Championships in Switzerland. In 2000, Alexei Nemov won the World and European Championships, became the winner of the World Cup. On XXVII Olympic games in Sydney (Australia) Alexey became the absolute champion, having won six Olympic medals: two gold, one silver and three bronze.
At the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Nemov came in the rank of the clear favorite and leader of the Russian national team, despite the injury he received before the competition, showing a high class, confidence in execution and the complexity of the programs.
Paul Hamm -(born September 24, 1982) - American gymnast, 2004 Olympic champion in absolute superiority, two-time champion world of 2003 (absolute superiority and floor exercise). The twin brother of gymnast Morgan Hamm, with whom he won the 2004 Olympic silver in the team championship, as well as the silver in the team championship at the 2003 World Championships.
Kohei Uchimura -(January 3, 1989, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan) - Japanese gymnast, three-time Olympic champion and four-time Olympic silver medalist, ten-time world champion (including six consecutive victories in the absolute championship - 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014 and 2015).
Famous for becoming the first gymnast to win the all-around at all major events in one Olympic cycle, including the all-around at the Olympics. He also became famous for performing difficult exercises with incredible precision. His skills were assessed in International Gymnast Magazine as "a combination of great complexity, consistency and extreme elegance of execution."
Artistic gymnastics is invariably included in the program of the Olympic Games, occupying one of the central places in it.
True, the gymnastic program of the very first Games of our time (1896) was somewhat different from the current Olympics. 18 gymnasts, representing 5 countries in Athens, competed in certain types of all-around: not only in our usual exercises (with the exception of freestyle), but also in group exercises on parallel bars and a crossbar and in rope climbing. The dominance of the founders of gymnastics - the Germans - in all types of the program was practically undivided.
The first absolute champion of the Olympic Games in artistic gymnastics in 1900 was French Gustave Sandra. The championship among teams and in certain types of all-around at the Olympics in Paris was not played out.
At the 1904 Games, another unusual discipline appeared in the competition program for gymnasts: exercises with clubs. As you know, the overwhelming majority of the participants in the St. Louis Olympics were from the United States. So the unconditional success of the Americans on the gymnastic platform was quite predictable.
At the next two Olympics, there was no equal to the Italian Alberto Bralha. At the 1912 Games, he added to his title of undisputed champion the "gold" won in the Italian national team in the team competition.
Competitions in certain types of gymnastic all-around reappeared in the Olympic program after the First World War - at the 1924 Games.
Four years later, women took part in the Olympic gymnastics tournament for the first time. True, the gymnasts missed the next Olympics again - and only from 1936 they began to participate in them constantly. It is noteworthy that the program of the 1936 Olympic tournament in women's gymnastics included exercises on parallel bars. And at the Olympics-48, women performed compulsory exercises on the rings. At one time, the program of the Olympic tournament in women's gymnastics included group exercises with various objects (club, ball, etc.), which later became an integral part of the rhythmic gymnastics... At the 1952 Games, a significant change was made to the formula for women's gymnastics competitions: for the first time, female athletes performed in the individual competition (on four apparatus). In its current form Olympic program in women's gymnastics was finally decided in 1960 (Men have been playing awards according to the 6 + 1 + 1 scheme since 1936).
In the team event in the history of Olympic gymnastics tournaments, there has never been and has no equal for the USSR women's national team, which has climbed to the highest step of the podium 10 times. In men, the teams of the USSR and Japan won more often than others - 5 times each. The Italian men's team celebrated the victory four times - however, this was before the Second World War.
The title of absolute champion of the Olympic Games is considered the highest title in artistic gymnastics. Outstanding Soviet gymnast Larisa Latynina has achieved a unique achievement. In her collection there are 18 Olympic awards (of which 9 are gold: 6 were won in individual and 3 in team competitions). None of the Olympians have yet succeeded in repeating, and even more so, surpassing this record. Czech gymnast Vera Chaslavska (Odlozhikova) won 7 gold medals (all of them individually). The same amount of "gold" (as well as 5 silver and 3 bronze medals) in the collection of Nikolai Andrianov's awards. (Andrianov and Latynina are two of the most titled athletes in the history of world gymnastics.) Our other gymnast, Alexander Dityatin, at the 1980 Olympics set another kind of record, having won 8 - out of 8 possible - awards: in the team competition, in the "absolute" and in individual types of all-around (3 gold, 4 silver and 1 bronze medals).
Vitaly Shcherbo completed the “Soviet era” worthily in Olympic gymnastics: speaking at the Games-92 as part of the united team of the CIS countries, he won 6 gold medals.
Gymnastics in Russia
The original system of physical education, which has developed since ancient times in Russia, contained many different exercises of a gymnastic nature. The ideas of a comprehensive, including physical, education, which had a great influence on public opinion, were contained in the views of the commander A.V. Suvorov (1799-1880), teacher K.D. Ushinsky (1824-1876). Gymnastics itself, as a means of physical education, became firmly established only at the end of the 18th century, when in 1774, by order of Catherine II, it was included in the training program in the Sukhomlin cadet corps.
In the 30s. XIX century. gymnastics was introduced into the training of the guard troops, and in the 50s. and the entire Russian army, in the programs of secondary educational institutions. In 1855, a gymnastics and fencing hall was opened in St. Petersburg, where officers, and for a fee, everyone who wanted to, could do gymnastics. The military department organized a number of courses ("cadres") that trained gymnastics teachers for the army, who were given the right to teach gymnastics in educational institutions: gymnasiums and real schools.
Also in 1875, the War Department sent a scientist-anatomist, doctor and teacher, Professor P.F. Lesgaft, known for his work in the field of physical education, to the countries of Western Europe to study the experience of teaching gymnastics. The result of the trip was the development and substantiation of the national scientific system of gymnastics, its introduction into the practice of physical education.
In 1896, Lesgaft opened a two-year course for gymnastics leaders in St. Petersburg, on the basis of which the institute was created in 1918 physical culture bearing his name.
Becoming artistic gymnastics in Russia is associated with the creation in the 70s. gymnastic societies. True, their organization was not immediately permitted. In 1863, the military governor-general of St. Petersburg, Count Suvorov (the namesake of the famous commander) turned to the Ministry of Internal Affairs with a request to approve the draft charter of the city gymnastic society. The Minister did not dare to make a decision on his own and submitted a request to the Committee of Ministers, which expressed the following opinion on this issue: dangerous directions, the Committee believes: leave the petition for the establishment of a gymnastic society without consequences. " The opinion of the dignitaries was reported to Tsar Alexander II, and on December 13, 1863, he imposed a resolution: "It is efficient, and for my part I do not allow them under any circumstances."
This resolution has long been a bogeyman with the help of which numerous requests for the organization of gymnastic societies were rejected.
However, artistic gymnastics still made its way into life and everyday life. In the German club "Palma", founded in St. Petersburg in 1863, there was a gymnastics club. In 1870, the Germans living in patriarchal Moscow were allowed to organize the "Society of Gymnasts in Moscow", which was called in everyday life "German". It, however, being closed to persons of non-German origin, did not leave noticeable traces of its activities.
By the end of the 70s. XIX century. in the Russian society there was a negative attitude towards everything German, and the initiative group of Muscovites headed by the superintendent of one of the shipping companies O. Seletsky in 1881 was allowed to organize, as opposed to the German, "Russian Gymnastics Society". Among its founders were the Chekhov brothers: Nikolai - a famous artist and Anton - a future writer, as well as a journalist and writer, the first Russian sports reporter Vladimir Gilyarovsky, who in the 90s. was even the chairman of the Council of the society.
The formation of national artistic gymnastics is connected with the activities of the Russian Gymnastics Society. It was it that, on December 16, 1885, held the first gymnastics competition in Russia. True, only 11 people took part in them, but the winners - M. Kister and A. Teikhman - were determined.
At the beginning of 1897, on the basis of the Petersburg circle of athletic amateurs, organized by the doctor V. Kraenvsky in 1885, the "St. Petersburg Athletic Society" was founded. Already in April 1897 the Society held the first championship of Russia, the program of which included competitions in weight lifting, gymnastics, wrestling, boxing, fencing, and later shooting. The right to hold championships, and they became annual from 1897 and continued until 1915, the Society received, apparently, because it fell under the tutelage of the Tsar's brother "His Imperial Highness, Grand Duke" Vladimir Alexandrovich, and the chairman of its council was Count G. Ribopierre.
The first absolute champion of Russia in 1887 was F. Krebs from St. Petersburg. Unfortunately, very scant information has been preserved in the press about the Russian championships. However, the names of the champions have been known for a number of years. These are: Inge, Dutzman, Sokolovsky, Potesta, Temminen, Waterkampf, Kara-Murza. In 1915, Kuzmin became the champion in the all-around. Then the competition was stopped due to the First World War.
Mainly St. Petersburgers took part in the championships. Travel to St. Petersburg and back in a second class carriage was paid only by those who received medals.
There were also funny incidents at the championships. So in 1900, when one of the participants jumped off the crossbar, the floor fell through. The participant was not injured, but the competition had to be stopped. In 1903, the administration of the hall, fearing that the floor would again fail, did not allow gymnasts to compete in vaults. In protest, they refused to participate in the competition.
By the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX centuries. gymnastic societies are being created in many cities of Russia. A powerful impetus for their organization was the "Provisional Rules for Societies and Unions" announced by the government in March 1890. According to them, the right to authorize the organization of gymnastic societies was received by local governors. The Sokol system of gymnastics is widely spread. Sokolsk circles, thanks to the efforts of General V.N. Voeikov, who was appointed chief overseeing physical education in Russia, are being opened in almost all cities, in secondary and higher educational institutions. Their participants - "falcons" - in 1907 and in 1912. participate in the Sokol rallies in Prague, which hosted gymnastics competitions.
In 1912, a team of Russian gymnasts - F. Zabelin, F. Yasnov, S. Kulikov, A. Akhun and P. Kushnikov - participated in the V Olympic Games in Stockholm (Sweden), but did not show high results.
In August 1913, the 1st Russian Olympics... The gymnasts competed in the team (only two teams participated) and in the individual championships. The winner was the team of the Main Officer Gymnastics and Fencing School, opened in 1909 in St. Petersburg, and its leader, K. Waterkampf.
In 1914, Russian athletes gathered in Riga for their second Olympiad, but because of the outbreak of World War I, the Olympics were not over.
Gymnastics in our time
In our time, gymnastics has firmly entered the system of physical education of people and occupies an important place in it. It is popular for its affordability. Along with the complex, even very complex, exercises that are in modern artistic gymnastics, it has a wide variety of simple exercises that are quite accessible to any person, regardless of age and gender. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of gymnastics, which, along with the main means of physical education, such as games, sports, tourism, is designed to promote health, harden the body, educate a person's moral and volitional qualities, and restore his physical and spiritual capabilities.
Gymnastics has become a truly popular means of physical education today. In our country, millions of people do gymnastics every day. Gymnastics occupies an important place in the programs of physical education of higher and secondary educational institutions, physical culture collectives and voluntary sports societies, hundreds of thousands of children, boys and girls are regularly engaged in sports acrobatics, sports and rhythmic gymnastics.
Gymnastics is used as a means of treatment in medicine, it is used as a means of health improvement in rest homes, sanatoriums. In recent years, athletic gymnastics has been very popular in our country. Applied professional gymnastics is becoming more widespread.
“The tasks of gymnastics are determined by the general goal of education, which is to form a new person who harmoniously combines spiritual wealth, moral purity and physical perfection.
1. Wellness objectives: health promotion; development of individual muscle groups and the entire muscular system: elimination and prevention of functional deviations in individual organs and systems of the body; development of correct posture, gait; general development and strengthening of the respiratory system and the work of the cardiovascular system, improving metabolism and increasing the vital activity of the body.
2. Educational objectives: to promote a comprehensive harmonious physical development, education of strength, flexibility, endurance, speed, dexterity, coordination and expressiveness of movements; equip students with knowledge, skills and abilities necessary in everyday life, work.
3. Educational tasks: the formation of collectivism, discipline; education of moral qualities: courage, decisiveness, purposefulness, perseverance, perseverance, endurance, orientation, initiative ”.
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Artistic gymnastics - strength, dynamics and beauty. History and foundations of artistic gymnastics.
Gymnastics!
What is artistic gymnastics?
Gymnastics (Greek gymnastike, from gymnazo - exercise, train)- This is one of the oldest sports including competitions on gymnastic apparatus, floor exercise and vault. In the modern program of gymnastic all-around: for women - exercises on uneven bars, balance beam, floor exercises and vaults; for men - exercises on a horse, rings, parallel bars, a crossbar, floor exercises and vaults.
Artistic gymnastics is part of the program of the Olympic Games; the world and European championships, World Cup competitions and other prestigious international tournaments are constantly held. The history of this sport concerns not only athletes, but also millions of spectators - all those who find in it a magnificent show of beauty, dynamics, strength and dexterity.
The history of artistic gymnastics.
Gymnastic exercises were part of the physical education system in ancient Greece, they served as a means of preparing young men for participation in the Olympic Games.
From the late 18th - early 19th centuries, exercises on gymnastic apparatus and vaults were used in the Western European and Russian systems of physical education. In the second half of the 19th century, in a number of Western European countries, competitions in some types of gymnastic exercises began to be held. Since 1896, artistic gymnastics has been included in the program of the Olympic Games; since 1928, women have participated in the Olympic Games. Since 1903, world championships have been held (until 1913 - once every 2 years, from 1922 - once every 4 years), since 1934 women have participated in the championships.
In the first half of the 20th century, gymnasts from Czechoslovakia, Italy, France, Switzerland, Germany, Finland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and the United States achieved the greatest success in the Olympic Games and World Championships.
Artistic gymnastics in Russia.
The widespread development of gymnastics in Russia began in the 18th century. Peter I and A.V. Suvorov paid serious attention to gymnastics. Artistic gymnastics was originally cultivated mainly in the military environment.
In the 70s of the 19th century, the Russian scientist and teacher Lesgaft opened two-year gymnastics courses in St. Petersburg.
On May 4, 1883, the Russian Gymnastics Society was established in Moscow. The famous Russian writer and journalist Vladimir Alekseevich Gilyarovsky became its representative. In the same year, by the efforts of gymnastics amateurs and at their expense, a gym was equipped in Redlich's house on Strastnoy Boulevard. Together with Gilyarovsky, his friend, still a young and just beginning writer Anton Chekhov, dropped in to the gymnasium. Watching the gymnasts, he said: "These are the people of the future, and the time will come when everyone will be as strong."
The first competitions in Russia took place in 1885 in Moscow. Only 11 people took part in them, but a start was made. In 1889, gymnastics was introduced into the curriculum of men's educational institutions. In the late 19th - early 20th centuries, gymnastic societies and circles were created in various cities of Russia, and national championships began to be held regularly
Only in Soviet times did artistic gymnastics become one of the most popular and popular sports. And Gilyarovsky, who saw this unprecedented flowering of gymnastics at the end of his life, said that the words of his friend A. Chekhov had finally come true.
The First All-Union Spartakiad of 1928, where five teams participated, had a great influence on the development of artistic gymnastics in the country.
In 1932, the Second All-Union Gymnastics Championship was held in Leningrad. Seventy people participated. For the first time, women performed together with men. Since 1933, USSR gymnastics championships have been regularly held on a territorial basis, and since 1939 - on a departmental basis. In 1934, the honorary title of Honored Master of Sports was introduced.
In 1949 the USSR Artistic Gymnastics Federation became a member of the International Federation; since 1952 Soviet gymnasts have taken part in the Olympic Games, since 1954 in the World Championships, and since 1955 in Europe.
The first champions of the country were: Vladimir Belyakov (floor exercise), Drosida Kuznetsova-Antipas (floor exercise), Vladimir Lavrushchenko (horse), Galina Urbanovich (uneven bars), Taisiya Demidenko (crossbar).
Fundamentals of Artistic Gymnastics.
Exercises on uneven bars. Distinguish between parallel (husband) and uneven (women) bars. Women's parallel bar exercises include primarily rotations in both directions around the top and bottom bar, as well as various technical elements performed above and below them. Men's exercises on the uneven bars combine dynamic (rotations, swinging movements, etc.) and static (horizontal stops, handstands) elements.
Floor exercise(wives and husband) are performed on a special gymnastic carpet. Floor exercises are a combination of individual elements (somersaults, somersaults, splits, handstands, etc.) and their ligaments, different in tempo and "mood". The complexity of the program and its individual elements, as well as the purity and confidence of execution, are assessed. No less important is the originality of the presented composition and the athlete's artistry - especially among women, whose performances are accompanied by musical accompaniment and include individual dance steps, which in many ways resemble exercises from rhythmic gymnastics.
Vault(male and female) is performed with a running start using additional support (hence the name of the exercise). The athlete runs along a special track, pushes off with his feet from the bridge, and then makes an additional push with his hands from the projectile. The height and distance of the jump, its complexity, purity of execution and precision of landing are evaluated.
Balance Beam Exercises(women) represent a single composition of dynamic (jumps, turns, "jogging", somersaults, dance steps, etc.) and static (twine, swallow, etc.) elements performed while standing, sitting and lying on the apparatus. The judges evaluate the flexibility, balance and elegance of the gymnasts.
Horseback exercises(male), a special apparatus with handles, are a combination of swinging and rotational movements, as well as handstands, during which all parts of the apparatus must be involved.
Ring exercises(male) - a movable projectile in the form of two wooden rings fixed on special cables. Exercises on the rings (lifts, turns and twists) demonstrate not only flexibility, but also the physical strength of the athlete.
Crossbar exercises(male) - a barbell made of polished steel, fixed on two racks at a height of 2.55 m. According to the rules, when performing rotations around the crossbar, an athlete has no right to touch it with his body. During the performance, he must demonstrate various types of grips and the ability to cleanly and clearly move from one type to another.
Judging and Evaluation. The performances of the gymnasts are evaluated by the chief judge and eight judges who "serve" one or another apparatus. The judges are divided into two groups. Two judges evaluate the difficulty and composition of the exercise using a 10-point system, and six other judges evaluate the execution technique.
Large international competitions in artistic gymnastics consists of four stages:
- Qualification (or preliminary) stage among individual gymnasts and teams, according to the results of which the composition of the finalists is determined;
- The team final is held among the 6 strongest - according to the results of the "qualification" - teams (separately among men and among women);
- The absolute championship in the individual standings is played out among the 36 best athletes;
- Championship in individual types is played by 8 athletes who showed the best results in certain exercises at the preliminary stage.
In large competitions on the platform, as a rule, six men's or four women's teams (according to the number of shells) compete at the same time. After completing a performance in one type of program, the team proceeds to the next. The Olympic Games, as opposed to the World Championships, can only be attended by a limited number of participants. These are 12 men's and 12 women's national teams, which showed the best results at the previous World Championship.
Gymnastics is one of the most spectacular and popular sports. It is the technical basis for many other sports; the corresponding exercises are included in the training program for representatives of a wide variety of sports disciplines.
Artistic gymnastics - strength, dynamics and beauty. History and foundations of artistic gymnastics.
Moscow. Marriage agency in Moscow
In 1881, the European Gymnastics Federation (FEG) was created, which initially included only three countries: Belgium, France and Holland. The founder and first president of the Federation was the Belgian Nicholas Kuperus. In 1921 - with the appearance of the first non-European countries in the FEG - it was reorganized into the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG), which now unites artistic gymnastics and related disciplines: general gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, trampoline jumping, sports aerobics and acrobatics.
FIG is the oldest international sports association. And one of the most numerous: as of January 2002, 125 countries were members of the Federation. More than 30 million people are now engaged in gymnastics in various clubs around the world. A total of about 2,500 masters take part in the world and continental championships.
Gymnastics has been included in the Olympic Games program since 1896.
Gymnastics competition program. Exercises on uneven bars. Distinguish between parallel (husband) and uneven (women) bars. The projectile consists of two wooden poles of an oval (in section) shape, fixed on a metal frame: for men - at a height of 1.75 m, for women - 1.65 and 2.45 m. (The height of all gymnastic apparatus is measured from the surface located near safety mats).
Women's exercises on the uneven bars include, first of all, turns in both directions around the upper and lower pole, as well as various technical elements performed above and below them with rotation around the longitudinal and transverse axes with the help of a grip with one and two hands (as well as without the help of hands ).
Men's exercises on the uneven bars combine dynamic (rotations, swinging movements, etc.) and static (horizontal stops, handstands) elements. The gymnast must use the entire length of the apparatus, "work" over and under the uneven bars.
Floor exercises (wives and husbands) are performed on a special gymnastic mat 12 x 12 m. Around the carpet there is a “safety border” 1 meter wide. The carpet (woolen or synthetic) has a resilient surface - firm enough for a push, but at the same time providing a soft landing for athletes. Floor exercises are a combination of individual elements (somersaults, somersaults, splits, handstands, etc.) and their ligaments, different in tempo and "mood".
Vault (male and female). It is performed from a running start using additional support (hence the name of the exercise). The length of the projectile is 1.6 m, width - 0.35 m.The athlete runs along a special track 25 m long and 1 m wide, pushes off with his feet from the bridge - a shock-absorbing device 20 cm high, inclined to the take-off line, and then makes an additional push hands (in men, push with one hand is allowed) from the projectile. The performed jumps can be straight, somersault, overturn, etc. For men, the projectile is installed at a height of 1.35 m parallel to the runway, for women - at a height of 1.25 m perpendicular to the track. Another significant difference is associated with the competition formula: men are given only one attempt, women - two, the results of which are used to derive the average score for the exercise.
Exercises on a log (women) - a gymnastic apparatus 5 m long and 0.1 m wide, fixed motionlessly at a height of 1.25 m from the floor. The exercise is a single composition of dynamic (jumps, turns, "jogging", somersaults, dance steps, etc.) and static (twine, swallow, etc.) elements performed while standing, sitting and lying on the apparatus. Athletes must use the full length of the beam. The judges evaluate the flexibility, balance and elegance of the gymnasts. The duration of the performance is no more than 1 minute 30 seconds.
Exercises on a horse (men) - a special apparatus with handles that allow swinging movements of the legs. (The same apparatus, but without handles, is used in the vault.) The horse is fixed at a height of 1.05 m. The exercises are a combination of swinging and rotational movements, as well as handstands, during which all parts of the apparatus must be involved.
Exercises on rings (men) - a movable projectile in the form of two wooden rings fixed on special cables at a height of 2.55 m.
Exercises on the rings (lifts, turns and twists) demonstrate not only flexibility, but also the physical strength of the athlete.
Exercises on the crossbar (men) - a bar made of polished steel with a diameter of 27-28 mm and a length of 2.5 m, fixed on two stands with stretch marks at a height of 2.55 m.According to the rules, performing rotations (in different directions) around the crossbar , the athlete has no right to touch it with his body. During the performance, he must demonstrate various types of grips and the ability to cleanly and clearly move from one type to another.
The order of execution of the program is usually as follows:
- - floor exercises, exercises on a horse, on rings, vault, parallel bars, crossbar (for men);
- - vaults, exercises on uneven bars, balance beam, floor exercises (for women).
Judging and Evaluation. The performances of the gymnasts are evaluated by the chief judge and eight judges who "serve" one or another apparatus.
The judges are divided into two groups. Two judges evaluate the difficulty and composition of the exercise using a 10-point system, and six other judges evaluate the execution technique. For quick fixation of the technical elements demonstrated by the gymnast during the performance, the judges use more than 1000 special written signs - like stenographic ones.
From the mark given by the first group of judges - a kind of "starting price" (this is the maximum amount of points that an athlete can receive for a performance), points are deducted for mistakes made: from 0.1 point for a small error to 0.4 points for a gross mistake.
Falling from a projectile or onto a projectile “costs” 0.5 points.
A group of judges, assessing the complexity of the presented program, gives an overall mark. The judges who monitor the execution technique make marks independently of each other: the best and worst of them are not taken into account, and the average score is derived from the remaining four.
For a long time, a score of 10, in fact, was considered only theoretically possible. In 1976, during the Olympic Games in Montreal, the young Romanian athlete Nadia Comaneci became the first gymnast in history to do this in practice. Moreover, Comaneci was awarded the highest mark 7 times.
During team competitions and in the drawing of the absolute championship, the marks received by a team or an individual athlete in various types of programs are summed up. On their basis, the final grade is deduced. The gymnast or team with the most points will be declared the winners.
In the team standings, the scheme is "6-5-4". No more than 6 athletes compete for each team at the competition, 5 of them "work" on one or another apparatus, while only 4 best results are taken into account. (Previously, the "7-6-5" scheme was in effect.)
In team competitions, as well as in the drawing of the individual championship (absolute and in certain types of the program), the athlete is given only one attempt on each apparatus. The only exception is vault for women.
Formula of the competition, determination of the winner. Major international competitions in artistic gymnastics consist of four stages:
- - Qualification (or preliminary) stage among individual gymnasts and teams, according to the results of which the composition of the finalists is determined;
- - The team final is held among the 6 strongest - according to the results of the "qualification" - teams (separately among men and among women);
- - The absolute championship in the individual standings is played out among the 36 best athletes;
- - Championship in individual types is played by 8 athletes who showed the best results in certain exercises at the preliminary stage.
In large competitions on the platform, as a rule, six men's or four women's teams (according to the number of shells) compete at the same time. After completing a performance in one type of program, the team proceeds to the next.
The Olympic Games, as opposed to the World Championships, can only be attended by a limited number of participants. These are 12 men's and 12 women's national teams, which showed the best results at the previous World Championship. The total number of individual participants in the Olympic gymnastics tournament is 98 (for both men and women). In addition to the athletes of the 12 best national teams, they include representatives of countries that took places from 13th and below in the championship, as well as a number of athletes individually selected by the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG).
According to the rules, no more than 3 representatives of one country can participate in the final part of the drawing for the title of absolute champion of the Olympic Games, and no more than 2 representatives in individual exercises.
Since 1997, the compulsory exercises are no longer included in the program of the World Gymnastics Championships and the Olympic Gymnastics Tournament. The compulsory and free programs, the results of which were used to determine the prize-winning teams and the composition of the finalists in the individual standings, were replaced by the qualifying stage among gymnasts and the team final.
Some other rules. Gymnastics is one of those sports in which an intensive process of "rejuvenation" has been going on in recent decades. A kind of record was set in 1987 by the Romanian gymnast Aurelia Dobre, who won the title of absolute world champion in less than 15 years. Even younger was her compatriot Daniela Silivash, who two years earlier had received a gold medal at the World Championships for winning the balance beam. At present, the minimum age of participants in major international gymnastics tournaments is not 15, as before, but 16 years (this is how many athletes must be in the year of the competition).
The gymnastic program of the very first Games of our time (1896) was somewhat different from the current Olympics. 18 gymnasts, representing 5 countries in Athens, competed in certain types of all-around: not only in our usual exercises (with the exception of freestyle), but also in group exercises on parallel bars and a crossbar and in rope climbing. The dominance of the founders of gymnastics - the Germans - in all types of the program was practically undivided.
The first absolute champion of the Olympic Games in artistic gymnastics in 1900 was French Gustave Sandra. The championship among teams and in certain types of all-around at the Olympics in Paris was not played out.
At the 1904 Games, another unusual discipline appeared in the competition program for gymnasts: exercises with clubs. As you know, the overwhelming majority of the participants in the St. Louis Olympics were from the United States. So the unconditional success of the Americans on the gymnastic platform was quite predictable.
At the next two Olympics, there was no equal to the Italian Alberto Bralha. At the 1912 Games, he added to his title of undisputed champion the "gold" won in the Italian national team in the team competition.
Competitions in certain types of gymnastic all-around reappeared in the Olympic program after the First World War - at the 1924 Games.
Four years later, women took part in the Olympic gymnastics tournament for the first time. True, the gymnasts missed the next Olympics again - and only from 1936 they began to participate in them constantly. It is noteworthy that the program of the 1936 Olympic tournament in women's gymnastics included exercises on parallel bars. And at the Olympics-48, women performed compulsory exercises on the rings. At one time, the program of the Olympic tournament in women's gymnastics also included group exercises with various objects (club, ball, etc.), which later became an integral part of rhythmic gymnastics. At the 1952 Games, a significant change was made to the formula for women's gymnastics competitions: for the first time, female athletes performed in the individual competition (on four apparatus). In its current form, the Olympic program in women's gymnastics was finally determined in 1960 (Men have been playing awards according to the 6 + 1 + 1 scheme since 1936).
In the team event in the history of Olympic gymnastics tournaments, there has never been and has no equal for the USSR women's national team, which has climbed to the highest step of the podium 10 times. In men, the teams of the USSR and Japan won more often than others - 5 times each. The Italian men's team celebrated the victory four times - however, this was before the Second World War.
The title of absolute champion of the Olympic Games is considered the highest title in artistic gymnastics. Outstanding Soviet gymnast Larisa Latynina has achieved a unique achievement. In her collection there are 18 Olympic awards (of which 9 are gold: 6 were won in individual and 3 in team competitions). None of the Olympians have yet succeeded in repeating, and even more so, surpassing this record. Czech gymnast Vera Chaslavska (Odlozhikova) won 7 gold medals (all of them individually). The same amount of "gold" (as well as 5 silver and 3 bronze medals) in the collection of Nikolai Andrianov's awards. (Andrianov and Latynina are two of the most titled athletes in the history of world gymnastics.) Our other gymnast, Alexander Dityatin, at the 1980 Olympics set another kind of record, having won 8 - out of 8 possible - awards: in the team competition, in the "absolute" and in individual types of all-around (3 gold, 4 silver and 1 bronze medals).
Vitaly Shcherbo completed the “Soviet era” worthily in Olympic gymnastics: speaking at the Games-92 as part of the united team of the CIS countries, he won 6 gold medals.
In the USSR, gymnastics has become a truly mass sport, although at first the attitude to this "relic of the bourgeois past" was wary, and even hostile.
The development of artistic gymnastics in the USSR in the 1920s is associated primarily with the implementation of universal education. The first national championship was held in 1928 (as part of the All-Union Spartakiad). The Ukrainian team won in the team competition, and Mechislav Murashko became the absolute champion of the country. The program of the first gymnastics competitions included not only its "classical" disciplines, but also running, rope climbing, grenade throwing and other applied exercises.
In the early 30s, the All-Union Gymnastics Section was created, later transformed into the USSR Artistic Gymnastics Federation. In 1932, the country's second absolute championship was played - this time women also took part in the competition. Tatyana Voshchinina became the first absolute champion. And since 1939, awards in certain types of programs have also been raffled off at national championships.
The debut of Soviet gymnasts on the international arena took place in 1937 - at the 3rd Working Olympics in Antwerp. Our men's and women's teams won team championship, and Nikolai Seryi and Maria Tyshko won the title of absolute champions.
In 1949 the USSR Gymnastics Federation joined the FIG. And in 1952 Soviet gymnasts took part in the Olympic Games for the first time. The debut was successful: our athletes became champions in both the team (men's and women's teams) and individual (Victor Chukarin and Maria Gorokhovskaya) standings. Equally convincing was the debut of Soviet gymnasts at the world championship two years later: victories in team scoring and titles of absolute world champions for men (Viktor Chukarin and Valentin Muratov) and women (Galina Rudko (Shamrai)).
In total, Soviet gymnasts won more than 300 awards at the Olympic Games, about half of them gold. And at 14 world championships held with their participation, our athletes won more than 400 medals, among which there are also many "gold".
The Soviet gymnastics school gave the world many outstanding athletes: Larisa Latynina, Lyudmila Turischeva, Boris Shakhlin, Viktor Chukarin, Mikhail Voronin, Yuri Titov, Valentin and Sofya Muratov, Natalya Kuchinskaya, Polina Astakhova, Yuri Titov, Nikolai Andrianov, Olga Korbut, Alexander Ditya Yuri Korolev, Nelly Kim, Vitaly Shcherbo, Elena Shushunova, Dmitry Bilozerchev, Elena Mukhina, Olga Bicherova and many others. dr.
The Russian Artistic Gymnastics Federation was founded in 1991. It unites organizations from 71 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The Federation is headed by Professor L.Ya. Arkaev, he is also the head coach of the Russian national gymnastics team. National championships, regional, national and international tournaments and other events are regularly held in Russia. The Federation is a member of the FIG and UEZH.
The current "stars" of national gymnastics continue the victorious relay race of their predecessors in the international arena. A. Nemov became the absolute champion of the Olympic Games in Sydney-2000, and also won "gold" in exercises on the crossbar. S. Khorkina is an absolute world champion (twice) and Europe (three times); her collection also includes Olympic and world “gold” on separate shells. N. Kryukov is the absolute world champion, A. Bondarenko is the absolute European champion. E. Zamolodchikova - the winner (in certain types of the program) of the World Championships and the Olympic Games. As of the end of 2002, A. Nemov and S. Khorkina headed the world gymnastics ranking.
Artistic gymnastics is invariably included in the program of the Olympic Games, occupying one of the central places in it.
True, the gymnastic program of the very first Games of our time (1896) was somewhat different from the current Olympics. 18 gymnasts, representing 5 countries in Athens, competed in certain types of all-around: not only in our usual exercises (with the exception of freestyle), but also in group exercises on parallel bars and a crossbar and in rope climbing. The dominance of the founders of gymnastics - the Germans - in all types of the program was practically undivided.
The first absolute champion of the Olympic Games in artistic gymnastics in 1900 was French Gustave Sandra. The championship among teams and in certain types of all-around at the Olympics in Paris was not played out.
At the 1904 Games, another unusual discipline appeared in the competition program for gymnasts: exercises with clubs. As you know, the overwhelming majority of the participants in the St. Louis Olympics were from the United States. So the unconditional success of the Americans on the gymnastic platform was quite predictable.
At the next two Olympics, there was no equal to the Italian Alberto Bralha. At the 1912 Games, he added to his title of undisputed champion the "gold" won in the Italian national team in the team competition.
Competitions in certain types of gymnastic all-around reappeared in the Olympic program after the First World War - at the 1924 Games.
Four years later, women took part in the Olympic gymnastics tournament for the first time. True, the gymnasts missed the next Olympics again - and only from 1936 they began to participate in them constantly. It is noteworthy that the program of the 1936 Olympic tournament in women's gymnastics included exercises on parallel bars. And at the Olympics-48, women performed compulsory exercises on the rings. At one time, the program of the Olympic tournament in women's gymnastics also included group exercises with various objects (club, ball, etc.), which later became an integral part of rhythmic gymnastics. At the 1952 Games, a significant change was made to the formula for women's gymnastics competitions: for the first time, female athletes performed in the individual competition (on four apparatus). In its current form, the Olympic program in women's gymnastics was finally determined in 1960 (Men have been playing awards according to the 6 + 1 + 1 scheme since 1936).
In the team event in the history of Olympic gymnastics tournaments, there has never been and has no equal for the USSR women's national team, which has climbed to the highest step of the podium 10 times. In men, the teams of the USSR and Japan won more often than others - 5 times each. The Italian men's team celebrated the victory four times - however, this was before the Second World War.
The title of absolute champion of the Olympic Games is considered the highest title in artistic gymnastics. Outstanding Soviet gymnast Larisa Latynina has achieved a unique achievement. In her collection there are 18 Olympic awards (of which 9 are gold: 6 were won in individual and 3 in team competitions). None of the Olympians have yet succeeded in repeating, and even more so, surpassing this record. Czech gymnast Vera Chaslavska (Odlozhikova) won 7 gold medals (all of them individually). The same amount of "gold" (as well as 5 silver and 3 bronze medals) in the collection of Nikolai Andrianov's awards. (Andrianov and Latynina are two of the most titled athletes in the history of world gymnastics.) Our other gymnast, Alexander Dityatin, at the 1980 Olympics set another kind of record, having won 8 - out of 8 possible - awards: in the team competition, in the "absolute" and in individual types of all-around (3 gold, 4 silver and 1 bronze medals).
