Shooting sport- a kind of sport in which athletes compete in the accuracy of shooting from different types of weapons.
The history of the emergence and development of sports shooting
Shooting is considered one of the oldest applied sports. It appeared in the distant days of bows and crossbows. In the middle of the XIV century, bows and crossbows evolved into firearms, after which bullet shooting began to actively develop.
In 1449, the first firearms societies began to appear in France, later they appeared in England and the USA.
In 1896, rifle and pistol shooting competitions were included in the program of the first Olympic Games in 1896, and from 1897 the world championships in bullet shooting began to be held regularly.
Types of shooting sports
Bullet shooting - one of the types of shooting sports, in which athletes compete in shooting from pneumatic, small-caliber, large-caliber rifles and pistols. Bullet shooting is Olympic view sports, in particular in Olympic program includes 5 rifle shooting exercises (MV-5, VP-4, MV-6, MV-9, VP-6) and the same number from a pistol (MP-5, PP-2, MP-6, MP-8, PP-3).
Weapon abbreviations:
VP- pneumatic rifle
MV- small bore rifle
AB- standard large-caliber rifle
PV- arbitrary large-caliber rifle
PP- air gun
MP- small-bore pistol
RP- revolver pistol central combat.
Exercises:
MV-5- shooting from a small-bore rifle, distance 50 m. Position - prone, standing, kneeling, 3 × 20 shots.
VP-4- Pneumatic rifle. 40 shots while standing. Time 1 hour 15 minutes. An unlimited number of practice shots is allowed before the competition shots are taken.
MV-6- Arbitrary small-bore rifle. Distance 50 m. Target number 7. Shooting is carried out in the sequence: 40 shots prone (1 hour 00 min.), 40 while standing (1 hour 30 min.), 40 from the knee (1 hour 15 min.). In each of the positions, an unlimited number of practice shots are allowed before the competition shots are taken. The winner is determined by the sum of the points scored in the three positions.
MV-9- Arbitrary small-bore rifle. Distance 50 m. Target number 7. Shooting is carried out in the sequence: 20 prone shots, 20 standing, 20 from the knee. The total time for firing from three positions is 2 hours 30 minutes. In each of the positions, an unlimited number of practice shots are allowed before the competition shots are taken.
VP-6- Pneumatic rifle. Distance 10 m. Target number 8. 60 shots while standing. Time 1 hour 45 minutes. An unlimited number of practice shots is allowed before the competition shots are taken.
MP-5- a standard (sports) small-bore pistol (in the international classification, a pistol for the MP-5 exercise) is usually called a sports pistol, although this is the same pistol from which the MP-10 exercise is performed. Distance 25 m. The exercise is divided into two parts. The first - 30 shots - is performed at a fixed target number 4, the second - 30 shots - at the emerging target number 5. Shooting is carried out in a series of 5 shots at one target. In the first half, each series is performed in 6 minutes; in the second half of each series, the target appears 5 times for 3 seconds, during which the shooter fires one shot (pauses between the appearance of the target - 7 seconds). First, all participants do the first half of the exercise, and then the second.
PP-2- shooting from a pneumatic pistol, distance 10 m, 40 shots.
PP-3- shooting from a pneumatic pistol, distance 10 m, 60 shots. Time 1 hour 45 minutes. An unlimited number of practice shots is allowed before the start of the competition shots.
MP-6- an arbitrary small-bore pistol. Distance 50 m. Target number 4. 60 shots. Time 2 h 00 min. An unlimited number of practice shots is allowed before the competition shots are taken.
MP-8- rapid-fire small-bore pistol. Distance 25 m. 5 simultaneously appearing targets №5. 60 shots. Shooting is carried out in a series of 5 shots; the shooter fires one shot at each of the five simultaneously appearing targets. The exercise is divided into 2 halves, each of which consists of two series of 8 s, two of 6 s, and two of 4 s. Before the start of the competition shooting, in each half of the exercise, one trial series is performed in 8 seconds. First, all participants do the first half of the exercise, and then the second.
The numbers in the abbreviations indicate the ordinal number of the exercise in the national sports classification for shooting.
Trap shooting- one of the types of shooting sports, in which athletes compete in shooting at open shooting ranges. Shooting is carried out with shot from smooth-bore rifles at special targets-skeet.
V Olympic Games includes 3 trap shooting disciplines:
- Round stand - athletes fire on skeet, moving from one shooting place to another (8 in total), as well as changing the angle of shooting relative to the trajectories of flying targets.
- Trench Stand - Athletes fire at skeletons thrown out of the trench in a random direction.
- The double ladder is the same as the trench stand, but the plates are thrown out in pairs and the shooting is carried out in a doublet.
Practical shooting- one of the types of shooting sports, the purpose of which is the assimilation and development of techniques that most fully meet the various cases of the use of firearms.
Shooting skill is measured as a balance of three main components:
- Accuracy - points for hitting targets;
- Speed - the time from the start signal to the last shot;
- Power - the use of weapons of greater power is encouraged by a large number of points awarded for the defeat of the scoring zones of targets, in addition, a minimum caliber and a minimum power factor are set.
The result is the sum of the points for hitting all targets, including penalties, divided by the execution time.
Benchrest shooting is one of the shooting sports, the goal of athletes is to make five (or ten) shots at a valid target; the smaller the group size, the higher the shooter's place will be in the end of the competition. In this case, shooting is performed while sitting at a special table with the rifle set at close range for shooting.
There are the following disciplines of table shooting:
- benchrest BR-50 - firing from small-caliber devices;
- short benchrest - shooting at a distance of 100, 200 or 300 (meters or yards);
- Benchrest Long Range - shooting at a distance of 500, 600, 1000 (meters or yards) and a mile.
Varminting- one of the types of shooting sports, in which athletes compete in shooting at long and ultra-long distances, mainly in rodents. It is allowed to use artificial targets imitating the silhouette of marmots.
Sniping- one of the types of shooting sports in which athletes compete in shooting from a sniper weapon.
Subdivided into pistol shooting, rifle shooting, rifle shooting at a moving target. It is produced by a bullet from rifled weapons: pneumatic (4.5 mm), small-bore (5.6 mm) and large-bore (6.5 mm - 7.62 mm for rifles and 7.62-9.65 mm for pistols).
Targets are printed by typographic method on dense white or cream-colored material. When pierced by a bullet, such a target retains the outline of the bullet hole without excessively coarse distortions and breaks along the edges of the hole. The sizes and dimensions of the zones of dignity of the hole are different, depending on the type of weapon and the distance from the line of fire to the line of the target.
Now all the major international competitions are held on electronic target systems, which determine the value of a hole in an acoustic, optical or combined way.
Every year, bullet shooting competitions are held at various levels: from regional tournaments to world and European championships. The current rules International Federation shooting sports (ISSF) in bullet shooting, 15 men's and 9 women's exercises are provided, which are included in the programs international competitions... The compulsory Olympic program includes 4 men's, 4 women's and 2 mixed exercises.
Olympic exercise:
Rifle:
"Small bore rifle, 3 positions, 50m. Men", "Small bore rifle, 3 positions, 50m. Women", "Air rifle, 10m. Men", "Air rifle, 10m. Women", "Air rifle, 10m. Mixed teams ";
Pistol:
"Small-bore standard pistol. 25m. Women", "Rapid-fire small-bore pistol, 25m. Men", "Air pistol, 10m. Men", "Air pistol, 10m. Women", "Air pistol, 10m. Mixed teams".
ISSF official documents and international competition results list use short course names including distance of fire, type of weapon and number of shots (for example: "50m Free Rifle. 3x40 shots").
In Russia, an abbreviation has been introduced for each exercise - two letters and numbers. Letters denote the type of weapon (VP - air rifle; MV - small-caliber rifle; AB - (army) standard large-caliber rifle; PV - arbitrary large-caliber rifle; PP - air pistol; MP - small-caliber pistol; RP - large-caliber pistol (revolver of the central battle), and the numbers are the number of shots.
Shooting exercise VP-4 (AR40)
Pneumatic rifle
Women
Caliber: 4.5 mm
Distance: 10 m
Position: standing
Target: No. 8, “unit” diameter - 45.5 mm, “tens” - 0.5 mm
The very first set of Olympic medals was played in this type of program. The first Olympic "gold" went to the Czech Republic together with Katerina Emmons. The Czech athlete confidently walked towards victory, shooting with an Anschutz 8002 S2 rifle, knocking out 400 points out of 400 possible in the preliminary stage, repeating the highest world achievement and setting a new Olympic record. In the final, her result was unattainable for her rivals - 103.5 points, and the total amount - 503.5 points - also became an Olympic record. This is not the first Olympic award for the champion from the Czech Republic, who used to bear the surname Kurkova - four years ago in Athens she won a bronze medal.
Lyubov Galkina brought the first prize of the 2008 Olympics to the Russian team in this sport. 1.4 points separated it from the first result. In air rifle shooting, Galkina repeated her success four years ago in Athens, ahead of very strong German and Chinese athletes. The third place went to the Croatian Snezana Pejcic.
Weapon... For the first time this type of weapon appeared at the 1984 Olympics, at the Games in Los Angeles. In accordance with the rules of the International Shooting Federation of the ISSF, shooting in this exercise is carried out with a single-shot air rifle of 4.5 mm caliber. Throwing a bullet in it can be carried out due to a pre-compressed gas coming from a cylinder, or under the action of air compressed by a pre-cocked piston. The maximum weight of the weapon should not exceed 5.5 kg, the use of optics and "schnelling" trigger mechanism is prohibited. There are also several restrictions on the size and shape of the rifle and its stock. Today, almost all athletes in this form shoot with gas pre-compressed air (PCP) rifles.
The pressure of compressed air in the cylinder reaches 200 atmospheres, and the capacity of the tank is sufficient to produce up to 500 rounds without reloading. The pressure level is controlled by a special pressure gauge. Various devices make it possible to damp the recoil almost to an imperceptible level. The most popular is the aluminum stock, which provides a simpler and at the same time precise individual adjustment of the weapon compared to traditional wood. However, a number of high-end shooters remain committed to the "classic," a rifle with an all-wood stock. The dominant modern manufacturers are Anschutz Anschutz, Walther Walther and Feinwerkbau Feinwerkbau.
The victory in this type of shooting competition was watched with very close attention, since the question of who would become the owner of the very first Olympic award was being decided. Czech Emmons-Kurkova confirmed the high class of rifles of the Anschutz concern, having achieved a convincing victory with an Olympic record, shooting from the Anshutz rifle model Anschutz 2002 CA (ANSCHUTZ 8002 S2). In addition to her, two more of the eight finalists used rifles from the Ulm concern, among them one Anschutz air rifle ANSCHUTZ 8002 S2 and one Anschutz Anschutz 9003 Premium. The success of Anschutz is not surprising.
This family business with more than 150 years of history specializes exclusively in the production of sporting weapons and does everything possible to meet the needs and requirements of sports shooters. Although the basic arrangement of the Anschutz pneumatics does not differ from the rifles of other leading companies, the Anschutz models stand out for very carefully thought out “little things”: a replaceable stock (aluminum, walnut or laminate on request) with all sorts of ingenious adjustments, a pistol grip with the possibility of 3D adjustment , patented filters to combat humidity and air pollution, a steel casing to reduce barrel vibrations, a system to compensate for recoil force and air temperature fluctuations.
All these "little things" together contribute to extremely stable grouping and shooting accuracy. The special "chic" of "Anshutz" is that on the last page of the passport of each rifle the firm pastes the original of the target with the results of its shooting, so that you can be convinced of the quality of the purchased sample with your own eyes.
Shooting exercise PP-3 (AP60)
Air gun
Men
Caliber: 4.5 mm
Distance: 10 m
Position: standing with one hand
Number of shots: 60 shots, time 105 min
Final: 10 shots, 75 s for each
Target: No. 9, “unit” diameter - 155.5 mm, “tens” - 11.5 mm
The Chinese shooters, led by the most experienced coach Wang Yifu and performing at home, were one of the main contenders for Olympic awards in Beijing, so their success is no longer surprising. The representative of the Celestial Empire Pang Wei confidently led the qualification and in the final strengthened his advantage to 3.7 points, gaining a total of 688.2 points.
Silver went to Jin Yong Oh from South Korea (684.5). Shooting competitions did not go without the already, alas, the usual, doping scandal. Kim Yong Soo from North Korea was supposed to receive bronze with 683 points, but he was convicted of doping and disqualified. As a result, American Turner took the third place.
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System: | single shot pistol |
Driving force: | compressed air |
Caliber: | 4.5mm / .177 cal |
Length height width: | 400 / 148 / 50 |
Weight: | 968 g (without table weights) |
Sighting line length: | adjustable from 316 to 365 mm |
Front sight: | removable, width 4.5 mm |
Entirely: | adjustable slot width from 2 to 7 mm, slot depth adjustable |
Trigger pull: | 500 gr (according to ISSF rules), adjustable length of idle and working stroke, dip after working stroke |
Trigger spoke: | adjustable in all directions |
Weapon. For the first time this type of shooting appeared at the World Championships in 1969, at the Olympic Games - in 1988. Air pistol shooting is perhaps the most massive and popular type of shooting sport. Pneumatic weapons are the most affordable, they do not require large shooting ranges and shooting ranges, and the education and training of young shooters begins, as a rule, with pneumatics.
This is the reason for the growing interest in this type of competition every year. At the same time, the air pistols used by high-end shooters differ significantly from the mass models. This weapon is a complex high-tech design, combining good ballistics and low recoil impulse, equipped with an orthopedic grip, sights and a trigger with all kinds of settings and adjustments. Of course, the level of quality and assembly of such pistols is high, so that the cost of the weapon does not fall below the level of 1200 Euro.
Modern pneumatic sports models are very different from the usual classic "breaking" with a spring-piston scheme. They are made, as a rule, according to a compression scheme: under the barrel there is a reservoir with carbon dioxide or compressed air, from which a portion of gas is supplied for each shot. In this way, a heavy piston was eliminated from the design of the weapon, whose movement when fired and the subsequent rebound knocked down the aiming, and thereby worsened the accuracy of fire.
The capacity of the pistol cylinder is enough for more than 100 shots. Since the late 1980s, almost all the leading manufacturers of high-end sporting pneumatic weapons have switched to the production of gas pneumatics. These are mainly compressed air models that replaced the first generation gas-cylinder weapons with CO2. Despite the insignificant recoil impulse that occurs when the "Diabolo" bullet weighs only half a gramme, various devices are widely used to neutralize its influence and stabilize the weapon during firing. The most successful models in recent years have been Steyr LP air pistols.
Despite fierce competition from whales such as Walther (model Walther LP300), Feinwerkbau P44 and Morini CM162EI, Steyr has achieved phenomenal excellence and, starting in Athens, 2004, does not concede the palm to anyone. At the 2006 World Championships in Zagreb, all eight possible gold medals were won with pistols of this brand. In Beijing 2008, gold and silver were won among men with the Steyr LP10 pistol.
Among the Olympic medals of Athens-2004, which were won from the famous pistol Steyr LP10, the young Ukrainian athlete Elena Kostevich won gold, and the experienced Russian Mikhail Nestruev became the Olympic champion in the men's program. This pistol is an evolution of the highly successful Steyr LP1 CO2 pistol. Its main differences from the prototype are the use of compressed air instead of carbon dioxide and the improved stability of the pistol achieved by using a muzzle compensator (in the form of three holes in the barrel for air release) and "counter-mass" moving in the direction opposite to the bullet and compensating for the recoil impulse.
It is curious that Steyr also offers shooters their models in different finishes - in gold, silver, and also with a bright blue top hat, which, in general, is a rarity for a weapon of this type. Apparently, the Austrian designers were guided by the Tupolev formula “only a beautiful machine can fly well” and changed it “only a beautiful pistol can shoot well”.
Yet the success of the Steyer is not only due to the traditionally high quality and aesthetics of weapons. Undoubtedly, the merger of the Austrian company into the famous concern Anschutz Anschutz played a role. Today Steyr Sportwaffen is a subsidiary of a German company from Ulm, which undoubtedly occupies a leading position in the sporting weapon industry today. Incidentally, Anschutz is now producing a similar pistol model under the designation [email protected] , which differs from the LP10 only in the absence of a casing on the barrel.
Shooting exercise PP-2 (AP40)
Air gun
Women
Caliber: 4.5 mm
Distance: 10 m
Position: standing with one hand
Number of shots: 40 shots, time 75 min
Final: 10 shots, 75 s for each
Target: No. 9, target diameter - 155.5 mm, tens - 11.5 mm
The women's air pistol shooting ended with a new Olympic record of 492.3 points, where the winner was a young Chinese woman Wenyong Guo, dubbed a "shooting star" by sports journalists for her recent World Cup victories. The second and third went to the representatives of Russia and Georgia, respectively, the Ural sportswoman Natalya Paderina and the silver medalist of the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul Nino Salukvadze.
Their duel was watched with particular interest in view of the well-known events in the Caucasus, however, both athletes behaved exceptionally dignified and hugged each other during the ceremony and congratulated each other cordially. To the honor and dignity of Nino Salukvadze, she did not allow herself to be interfered in politics and did not leave the Olympics, despite persistent calls on the Georgian team to refuse to participate in the Games. It should be especially noted the achievement of the best pistol player of the Russian team, which set an Olympic record in the qualifying stage (391 points).
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Weapon... Like the men, this exercise was dominated by the Steyr pistols. Of the 8 participants in the final, 7 athletes had pistols of this brand. Finnish participant performed with a pistol [email protected] Result: “gold” and “bronze” went to the owners of the Steyr LP10 model, Natalia Paderina with the tried and tested Steyr LP1 - “silver”. Agree, a good indicator for a veteran pistol.
The 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing turned out to be extremely successful for German sporting weapon manufacturers and especially for the Anschutz concern Anschutz, which together with its subsidiary Steyr Steyr has 13 medals. In the fiercest competition in the sporting weapon market last result looks especially impressive. What is the reason for such a resounding success of designers from Ulm? With this question, I turned to the head of the company, Johan Anschutz, who this year took over the head of the family business, replacing his father, Dieter Anschutz, in this position. The secret of success was simple: “We love sports - sport shooting is our life, so we give this business all our soul and heart. And besides that, you also need a little luck. "
Alas, Russian manufacturers of weapons for the "shooting elite" remained completely on the sidelines this time. This is quite disappointing against the background of the outstanding achievements of the 50s – 70s, when the Tula and Izhevsk weapons not only were a constant and worthy competitor to the best world firms, but constantly brought their owners Olympic and world awards of the highest standard. The point here is not that today's Russian gunsmiths have forgotten how to make high-quality weapons (there are good sniper rifles, silent weapons, smooth-bore guns), the problem lies in the current state of shooting sports in Russia. It is well known: there is no demand - there is no corresponding supply from the arms industry. But this is already a topic for another conversation.
Photo - ru.wikipedia.org
Shooting sports are subdivided into bullet shooting and clay pigeon shooting. Bullet shooting is subdivided into shooting with pistols and rifles. In clay pigeon shooting, athletes shoot 12-gauge smoothbore shotguns with shot charges.
Pierre de Coubertin was the French shooting champion long before he founded the Olympic Games. It was on his initiative that 4 types of pistol shooting and 2 rifle shooting were included in the program of the Games of the I Olympiad in 1896.
OLYMPIC GAMES
Shooting was included in the program of the Olympic Games by Pierre de Coubertin from the first Olympics in Athens in 1896 and since then has been included in the program of all Olympic Games except 1904 and 1928.
The first competitions were held only among men, and since the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, women have received permission to participate in shooting disciplines on an equal basis with men. The division into male and female disciplines began at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. Since 1996, Atlanta has separated men's and women's disciplines.
In 2017, the International Olympic Committee approved the proposal of the International Shooting Sport Federation to include three mixed exercises in the Olympic program: "air rifle, 10m, men", "air rifle, 10m, women", "ladder, mixed teams". Thus, the number of exercises for men and women in shooting sports was equalized.
A total of 15 sets of awards are played out at the Olympic Games in bullet and trap shooting
RUSSIA
Anatoly Bogdanov became the first Soviet champion in bullet shooting in 1952 in Helsinki. He won the three-position high-bore rifle and repeated his success in 1956 in Melbourne. In women, double Olympic champion became Marina Logvinenko in small-bore and air pistol shooting at the 1992 Games in Barcelona. At the last Olympic Games, representatives of Russia became champions: Yuri Fedkin (1992, Barcelona) and Artem Khadzhibekov (1996, Atlanta) in air rifle shooting, Boris Kokorev (1996, Atlanta) and Mikhail Nestruev (2004, Athens) in shooting from a small-bore pistol, Sergey Alifirenko (2000, Sydney) in shooting from a high-speed pistol, Lyubov Galkina (2004, Athens) in shooting from a small-bore rifle) and Olga Klochneva (1996, Atlanta) in shooting from an air pistol.
Evgeny Petrov became the first Soviet Olympic champion in clay pigeon shooting in 1968. He won the Mexico City Games in the Round Stand. He hit 198 targets out of 200. At the 1976 Olympics, he was the head coach of the USSR national team, and at the 1992 Games, he was the head coach of the United Team in clay pigeon shooting. Olympic champions in clay pigeon shooting were representatives of our country Dmitry Monakov (1988, Seoul) and Alexey Alipov (2004, Athens), who won the shooting at the trench stand.
Photo - ru.wikipedia.org
Shooting sports are subdivided into bullet shooting and clay pigeon shooting.
Bullet shooting subdivided into pistol and rifle shooting. Athletes shoot from small-bore rifled weapons (5.6 mm diameter) and pneumatic weapons (4.5 mm diameter). The Olympic program includes 10 exercises.
- Rifle: "small bore rifle, three positions, 50m, men", "small bore rifle, three positions, 50m, women", "air rifle, 10m, men", "air rifle, 10m, women", "air rifle, 10m, mixed teams ".
- Pistol: "Rapid Fire Pistol, 25m, Men", "Small Bore Standard Pistol, 25m, Women", "Air Pistol, 10m, Men", "Air Pistol, 10m, Women", "Air Pistol, 10m, Mixed Teams."
Major international and all-Russian competitions are held on electronic targets.
V clay pigeon shooting athletes shoot 12-gauge smoothbore shotguns with shot charges.
The Olympic program includes 5 exercises: "ladder, men", "ladder, women", "ladder, mixed teams", "skeet, men", "skeet, women".
Shooting is carried out at targets-"skeet" flying out of the cars along a certain trajectory, which depends on the exercise.
Targets are made from a mixture of coal tar pitch (a component used to make asphalt) and cement. When pellets hit the plate, it breaks. To increase the audience's interest and to reduce the likelihood of a referee's error, shooting in the finals is carried out on special plates - "flash targets", which, when hit, throw a cloud of brightly colored powder into the air. Target diameter - 110 mm.
