What is the speed of athletes cycling olympic games. Road cycling

Rio Olympic Velodrome

The Velodrome is located in Barra Olympic Park. Built specifically for the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro and is designed to host cycling competitions in track disciplines. The cost of construction is $ 143 million, the capacity of the stands is 5,000 spectators.

Following the Olympic and Paralympic Games, the Velodrome will become the training center for the national team.

Competitions: Cycling

Olympic BMX Center

The BMX Olympic Center was built specifically for the Rio 2016 Olympic Games and is designed to host BMX cycling competitions for men and women. The center is located in X-Park, which will also host mountain bike and rowing slalom competitions. X-Park itself is located within the Deodoro Olympic Park cluster.

The BMX Center includes a 400 meter track and all the necessary infrastructure. The first test competition, the International BMX Cycling Challenge, will take place in October 2015.

Start of construction: July 2014;

Opening of the facility: September 2015;

Project cost: $ 12.3 million;

Track: 400 meters (350 meters for women);

Number of spectators: up to 7500 people;

Competitions: Cycling

Mountain Bike Center

The Mountain Bike Center is located in the Deodoro Olympic Park. Designed for holding mountain bike competitions in the cross discipline within the framework of the 2016 Olympics program. The length of the route is 5400 meters. The temporary stands have a capacity of 5,000 spectators.

Competitions: Cycling

Pontal

Pontal is the name of a small peninsula and beach area in the west of Rio de Janeiro, geographically located in the Barra Olympic cluster. As part of the 2016 Olympics program, Pontal will host time-trial cycling and race walking events.

The distance in the men's time trial is 54.5 km (2 laps), in the women's race - 29.8 km. During the competition, temporary stands will be erected at the finish line for spectators. Fans will also be able to watch the ups and downs of the struggle, sitting along the tracks.

Competitions: Cycling, Athletics

Fort Copacabana

Fort Copacabana is a coastal defense fort in Rio de Janeiro, built at the beginning of the 20th century to cover the bay of Rio de Janeiro and the city coast in the Copacabana area. Since 1987, the fort has been home to the Brazilian Army and Artillery Museum. In 2013, the construction of a beach club began on the territory of the fort.

During the 2016 Olympics, the fort and the surrounding area will host group road racing (cycling), triathlon and open water swimming, and paratriathlon at the 2016 Paralympic Games.

Competitions: Cycling, Swimming, Triathlon

A road bike race is a type of bicycle race that takes place on highways and well-paved roads at high speeds over long distances. A maximum of 200 athletes can participate in each race. A cycle track is a race on an artificial track in a circle.

In one of the most spectacular cycling disciplines - sprint on the track, there is a curious tactical trick - "surprise" (derived from the French word surplace - "on the spot"). The meaning of the surprise is that the rider, riding in front, trying to let the opponent go ahead, stops and balances on the bike standing still. The second athlete, as a rule, joins him, and they stand side by side, waiting for whoever makes a mistake first, breaks down and takes an unfavorable first position. In the semi-final race at the 1964 Olympics, two riders stood motionless for 22 minutes

OLYMPIC GAMES

Cycling was included in the program of the first Olympic Games in Athens in 1986 and has attended all subsequent Games since then. Cycling competitions are now held in four disciplines - road racing, track racing, mountain bike and BMX. Women's road racing first appeared at the 1984 Los Angeles Games and track cycle racing in Seoul in 1988. Mountain bike and BMX are the newest entrants to the Games, having achieved official Olympic status (in men's and women's) in 1996 in Atlanta and in 2008 in Beijing, respectively.

RUSSIA

The first gold medal in cycling was won in 1960 at the Olympic Games in Rome on the highway. Then Victor Kapitonov became the champion. The most successful for Soviet cyclists are considered the 1972 Games in Munich, where 2 gold and 1 bronze medal... (In 2004, Vyacheslav Yekimov received a silver medal, and despite the fact that American T. Hamilton, who took 1st place and was convicted of doping, returned his medal, Yekimov was not awarded it. And he is considered a two-time champion, not threefold).

Photo - Sergey Kivrin and Andrey Golovanov

Includes various types of racing on the track, highway, cyclocross, figure riding, bike ball.

A road bike race is a type of bicycle race that takes place on highways and well-paved roads at high speeds over long distances. A maximum of 200 athletes can participate in each race. There are five main types of road cycling: a group race, individual race, criterium, multi-day race and team race.

The Olympic distances of road cycling are not regulated in any way: the distance is different at each Olympic Games. For example, for men in 1896, the distance of the group road race was 87 km, in 1912 - 320 km, and for last Games in Beijing - 245 km. For women, the distance was 79.2 km in 1984, and 126 km in 2008.

Track races are held on an artificial track in a circle. The length of the Olympic tracks, the construction of which began after 1972, should be at least 333.33 m.There are several types of races on the track: race against the clock (or git) - here you do not need to overtake anyone, but just go faster than all 1000 m for men and 500 m for women; sprint - three laps around the track, the time in the sprint does not matter - the first rider to finish wins; an individual pursuit race, in which you need to catch up with the enemy or show the best time(men compete at a distance of 4 km, women - 3 km); team pursuit - almost the same as the individual, but only for men, at a distance of 4 km and teams of 4 people; The Olympic Sprint is a men's race in which two teams of three take part. Cross-country mountain bike is a cross-country race consisting of a certain number of laps. Bicycle Motocross (BMX) - BMX competitions are held on small bicycles with great maneuverability and high acceleration capability. There are 3 types of BMX - racing, flatland or "dancing on a bike" and freestyle.

Cycling is a discipline in which participants compete among themselves for superiority. As in standard running events, players use prowess and skill to prove strength and endurance.

Cycling has several options: speed competition, special sports and motocross. Each of them uses its own type of bike: for high-speed competitions - racing, in special directions (freeride, cross-country) - bicycles of the MTB family, for motocross - BMX.

The beginning and formation of cycling

Viktor Kapitonov - the first USSR cycling champion at the 1960 Games

Cycling dates back to the first half of the 19th century. Of course, then it was not considered as a sports equipment, but was used only as a slow-moving vehicle. Over time, the bike has improved more than once, until it approached the familiar form. This happened in the second half of the 19th century, when the geometry of the frame changed, the Gall chain was used to transmit torque, and the solid tires were replaced by inflatable tubes and tires.

The first competition took place in 1869 in France, at the Paris-Rouen distance of 120 km. The winner of the bicycle race was able to reach a speed of 11 km / h, at that time it was beyond the limits of possibilities.

In the Olympic Games, the first bicycle race dates back to 1896. The first place was taken by France, then Italy, Germany, and later - the USSR took the winners' cup. The distances from game to game grew. If in 1896 it was only 87 km, then at the games of 1912 - 320 km.

In Russia, sport dates back to 1883, with the first competition in Moscow. Since then, cycling has emerged as a distinct direction. This was quite justified, since in our country in the first third of the twentieth century. there were several dozen large cycling clubs. In the Soviet Union, the first bicycle race took place in 1918. Since that time, they have been carried out with enviable constancy. However, it was only in the 50s that the USSR managed to enter world cycling competitions.

In 1960, cycling was divided into team and group racing. Until 1996, cycling was an exclusively male direction, then women's competitions were also included: highway mileage, individual race. In the same year, MTB was admitted to the program of the Olympic Games.

The road bike has seen little change since the first races. The ancestor of the sports bicycle direction was precisely the race on road bikes according to the type "who is faster". Much later, a special mountain bike appeared, which was rapidly changing both externally and technically. MTB sports have become widespread in the last two decades.

Road and track racing

According to the rules of the game, competitions on racing bikes are divided into the following types:

• standard (for long distances);
• time trial;
• individual;
• team;
• track.

The standard road cycling competition starts at the general start. All participants are preliminarily divided into standard teams. The breakdown is done according to the principle “age - level of strength training - endurance”. The teams start and must cover the required distance. For men, it is 239 km, for women's races - 120 km. The winner of the group is the player who rode his bike to the finish line earlier than anyone else. Places may be allocated among the winners at short-term distances.

Race against the clock is an easy way to prove your opponent's endurance level. The distance for men is 1000 m, for women - 500 m. At the start, a countdown of 90 seconds is set, the task of the cyclist is not only to meet this interval, but to come first.

A variation of the race against the clock is a sprint. A group of cyclists go through three laps, but the clock for speed is only counted for the last 200 m. In addition to strength and endurance, in the sprint you need to be smart and choose a good position before the finish.

Track - competition of cyclists on an oval closed circle. The tilt angle of the frame and body should be 42 degrees. Traditionally, the track is covered with wood or concrete. The distance depends on the scale of the competition and varies from 1 to 40 km.

Driving with an incline in track competition

Individual races are divided into two types: time trial and pursuit.

The time trial demonstrates the absolute capabilities of every cyclist. The player should perform better with each lap. The total distance for men is 48.6 km, for women - 31.2 km. Delay in the start of the next participant - 90 s.

Pursuit race - a competition in which one participant catches up with another and shows best result... Players start from different sides of the circle. The race is designed for one winner and is divided into standard competitions, semi-finals and final races. Distance length: 4 km - men, 3 km - women. In a team pursuit, groups of three people catch up with each other. The position is determined by the third rider.

The ranks of racing cycling:

• CCM - candidate for master of sports (over 13 years old);
• MS - Master of Sports (from 15 years old);
• MSMK is an international master of sports (17 years and older).

Standards for Cycling by Discipline. The ICMS title is subdivided into I, II and III categories

MTB cycling: cross-country, freeride, trial

Mountain bike sports continue to gain momentum. Even ordinary pokatushek lovers have probably heard about them. If earlier MTB sports were purely entertaining and “yard” in nature, today they are full-fledged disciplines. The main sports directions on mountain bikes:

• bicycle trial;
• freeride;
• cross-country.

Trial - cycling using a mountain bike. The homeland of this direction is Spain. The origins of the trial date back to the mid-70s. Now this sport is purely European in nature, although some of it is also present in our country.

Features - Extreme obstacle driving. Speed, dexterity and ingenuity are the key points of the discipline. Classic competition - passing trails in mountainous terrain. New trial - street version - stunt driving within the city. Includes elements of extreme BMX discipline.

Freeride (from Free Ride - free riding) - MTB sport with the passage of difficult mountain tracks. Sections can be "unprepared" for road surprises, can have cliffs, turns, piles of stones, sharp ascents / descents, thickets and mud. Freeride is both freedom of movement and knowledge of cycling tricks at the same time. Within the direction, there is a division into.

Requirements for the bike: high frame strength, comprehensive shock absorption and 100% safety.

Freeride bike for extreme racing

Cross-country - passing tracks for speed. The venue for the competition is mountain slopes with road obstacles and long climbs. Unlike freeriding, this direction is safer. Thanks to this, country music has earned great popularity among cyclists.

Cross Country is the first MTB cycling sport included in the Olympic Games. Divided into three options - XCO, XCM, XCE:

• classic (1 - 2 hour race);
• marathon (2 - 8 hours);
• short elimination races, duration - 1-2 minutes.

Cross country competition

The bike is a lightweight mountain bike. The light weight of the frame and canopies allows for high speeds. At the same time, the structure must be serviceable and durable.

BMX Sports

BMX cycling uses a bike of the same name. The specific design of the bike is designed for jumping and performing various tricks. Riding such bikes is symbolic.

Types of BMX sports:

BMX Racing- competition for the speed of the track. The start begins at a height of up to 9 m, on the way cyclists will encounter several obstacles: a "table", double and triple jumps, stairs. 8 people participate in the race.

Vert- jumping inside the ramp. Exercises include rolling on the curved surface of the structure, jumping at the edges and inside the ramp. This includes some of the toughest BMX tricks that will take years of practice to master. Participants compete in efficiency and quality of execution technique and height of jumps.

Most Spectacular BMX Sports

A kind of Vert is Dirt... The difference is that the cyclist does not ride inside the ramp, but makes turns on hilly terrain.

Flatland- execution of bends on flat surfaces. This type of BMX cycling is popular with amateurs. It is easier to learn and safer. Advanced option - performing stunts on obstacles in the city. This subspecies is called BMX-Street.

Cycling is a vast area that unites all directions. Developing along with the bicycle, it gains an increasing number of fans and active participants. Bike sport is relatively simple, it allows everyone to realize themselves. At the same time, it helps to improve the health of the velonation and raise the level of culture.

Cycling sport is a respected and popular activity in Europe. More than 50 outdoor competitions are held here from March to October. Some of them, for example, the Vuelta de España or the Tour de France, last three weeks, during which the participants cover 4-5 thousand km.

Cycling history

The emergence of cycling was associated with the progress of technology, which made it possible to create a two-wheeled vehicle only in 1817. The German Baron Karl Drez received an official patent for a metal structure of two wheels, a frame and a driver's seat in 1818. The vehicle rather resembled a prototype bicycle : The device did not have a transmission and pedals. It was assumed that a person sets him in motion, pushing off the ground with his feet. Drez himself called the device "scooter".

It took almost 70 years to perfect the bicycle manufacturing technology. At the same time, technologies and materials for covering roads have progressed: you cannot ride a bicycle on a paved pavement. Bituminous-mineral and asphalt-concrete mixtures are invented, which made the road smooth.

During this period, funny copies of bicycles appeared: for example, a device with a very large front wheel and a rear one several orders of magnitude smaller. Even then, wealthy people began to use bicycles for recreational purposes.

Since the 1860s. in France, the first local sports days among amateur cyclists are held.

By 1885, a two-wheeled vehicle no longer has any fundamental differences from the one we know now. Its design finally received a transmission to the rear wheel and at times surpassed its predecessors in terms of handling and stability.

Almost immediately after this "fundamental improvement" of the bicycle, the first international competitions are held:

• in 1893 - the world cycling championship.
• since 1896 cycling has been included in the program of the Olympic Games.

In 1900 a professional organization is formed - the International Cycling Union. At the national level, cycling is governed by the respective Federations.

In the USSR, cycling competitions were traditionally held as part of the Olympics.

Cycling

There are 4 major areas of cycling:

• road cycling;
• track cycling;
• bicycle motocross.
• mountain bike racing.

All of them are included in the program of the Olympic Games.

Classic cycling is a long distance race on road bikes. The path of the rider does not necessarily lie on asphalt roads: it can be paving stones, gravel, or a road with potholes. The only condition is that the road must have a hard surface and not pass over rough terrain.

Road cycling involves the following types of races:

• one-day - arrivals at a distance of 200-300 km;
• multi-day - arrivals can last more than a week;
• criterium - a group circular race within the city limits for 50-150 km;
• Grand Tour - 3 races lasting 21 days (Spanish Vuelta, Italian Giro and French Tour).

Road cycling is a typical European spring-summer-autumn sport. Routes pass, as a rule, within one state.

The largest number of road races take place in classic cycling countries:

• Belgium (14);
• France (10);
• Italy (8);
• Spain (5).

1-3 competitions per season are held in Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, Great Britain.

In addition, road cycling races are organized in non-cycling countries, for example:

• Norway (multi-day Fjord Tour in May and Arctic Race in August);
• in Denmark (4-day "Tour of Denmark" in August);
• in Poland (6-day "Tour of Poland" in August);
• in Turkey (weekly "Tour of Turkey" in April).

Several cycling races take place in North America:

• in the United States, weekly tours of California in May and Colorado in August;
• In Canada, one-day Grand Prix in Quebec and Montreal in September.

When it's winter in Europe, road cycling moves to other continents and countries: Australia, the UAE, Oman, Malaysia.

Track racing is a stadium cycling sport. It is not as large-scale as road races in Europe, it also has a lot of its fans. The cycling track always has a hard, even surface and an obligatory inclination angle: small - on straight sections and reaching 42 ° - on a turning radius.

Track disciplines - 16. They have slight differences in rules. There are:

• individual and as part of a team;
• with a common or separate start;
• sprint or pursuit;
• with an assessment for time or in points;
• with a start from a place or on the move;
• at a distance from 500 m (women's git from a spot) to 50 km (Madison race in the team for points).

In any case, the task of the track cyclist is to cover the distance as quickly as possible, distributing his forces in the most efficient way.

One of unusual species Track Cycling is a Japanese keirin that became a discipline of the Olympic Games in 2000. It originated as a gambling sport like horse racing.

For the first few laps, cyclists follow with limited speed: a motorcycle rides in front of them, which they must not overtake. At this time, spectators can assess the quality of each ride, predict the outcome of the race and place bets. The motorcyclist-controller gradually increases the driving speed and, 700 m before the finish line, leaves the track, removing the speed limit. Cyclists cover the remaining distance as a full-fledged sprint, accelerating to 70 km / h. At this time, special iron races are being beaten on the track, encouraging the participants and the audience.

The abbreviated name for this area of ​​cycling is BMX. Special bicycles are used, marked with these three letters. They have wider mountain bike-style tires, smaller wheel sizes, low rider riders, and high handlebars. The design makes the device more stable: it is sharpened for passing trails with elevation differences and performing tricks. BMX racing predates mountain bike racing.

Directly BMX-cross is a race on a dirt, winding track with jumps, pits, hills and other obstacles. Since 2008, cycling motocross athletes have taken part in the Olympic Games. Modern youth sports events usually include extreme BMX competitions

One of the popular BMX cycling destinations among young people is street racing, in which the stunt component is of great importance. When riding, cyclists actively use urban infrastructure - curbs, stairs, railings, and more. But this is more of an amateur cycling.

Motorbike racing is a spectacular and extreme sport. Having appeared relatively recently, it quickly gained popularity, mainly in the United States, becoming an alternative to the traditional road cycling race in Europe. In motorbike racing, world championships and national competitions are held, athletes participate in the Olympic Games.

Today mountain bike racing has differentiated into several subspecies:

• Cross - the most popular - the race is carried out over rough terrain, usually in circles, for a total distance of up to 5 km.
• Downhill is a downhill track with natural obstacles.
• Marathon is a race at distances of more than 100 km, in which everyone can take part.

In different countries, these races are practiced in different variations: parallel slalom, biker cross, dirt jumping, freeride. They are held both as individual competitions and as a team race.

Cycling leaders

Cycling has a traditional leader. The French are masters of sports in cycling. They are followed by athletes from the USA, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium.

In terms of the number of gold medals received for the entire period of the Olympic Games, athletes from France are in first place.

Road cycling is an Olympic sport in which cyclists compete in speeding distance on public roads.

Cycling internationally is regulated by the International Cyclists 'Union (UCI - Union Cycliste Internationale), the European Cyclists' Union (UEC - L "Union Européenne de Cyclisme), and in Russia - the Russian Cycling Federation (FVSR).

The history of road cycling

The bicycle was invented in Russia by the serf master Efim Mikheevich Artamonov at one of the factories of Nizhny Tagil in 1800 on the day of the Prophet Elijah (July 20 (August 2)). Artamonov was not helped in obtaining a patent, and in 1817 a forester named Karl von Dreis from Mannheim (Germany) received a patent for the world's first bicycle.

The first bicycle race took place on May 31, 1868 in one of the parks in the suburb of Paris Saint-Cloud at a distance of 2 km. It is noteworthy that bicycles were moving at a fast walking speed (10 km / h) at that time. For comparison, the world speed record for a bicycle, set in 1995 by Fred Rompelberg, is 268 km / h.

In the future, this sport became widespread in England and America, and already in 1896, highway cycling became Olympic view sports.

The first major cycling race started in 1892 in Belgium. The athletes had to cover a distance of more than 200 km along the route "Liege - Bastogne - Liege".

Road cycling rules

Road cycling rules vary depending on the type of race: individual, group or criterium.

In an individual bicycle race, the start is separate. Its order is determined according to the current rating of the participant. The strongest cyclists start at the end. The time interval between the start of cyclists is 3 minutes. The main task is to show the best time to cover the distance.

In a group road race, the total number of athletes must not exceed 200. Each team must provide from 4 to 9 participants, depending on the decision of the race organizers. This number should be the same for all teams. The riders start at the same time, trying to cover the distance as quickly as possible, using certain tactics:

• main group;
• separation;
• dump;
• grouped.

In the criterium, the race is conducted by a group of athletes along the city streets in a circle (ring race). The length of one circle is from one to three kilometers, the number of such circles is up to fifty. After a certain number of laps, an intermediate finish is arranged, where the first rider to cross the line gets 5 points, the second - 3 points, the third - 2, the fourth - 1. The length of the lap and the number of laps in the race can vary greatly depending on the decision of the race organizing committee and the judging.

All riders may provide minor assistance to each other in the form of handing over food, drinks, keys, etc. Handing over or exchanging wheels, lending a bike to another rider, and waiting and helping a straggler are only allowed for riders of the same team. Nudging one rider by another is prohibited in all cases.

As trophies in cycling, cyclists receive prize jerseys (in decreasing order of importance):

• jersey of the leader of the general classification;
• jersey of the best sprinter;
• the mountain king's jersey;
• jersey of the best young racer;
• world champion jersey;
• jersey of the national champion.

Inventory and equipment

Bike... According to the UCI regulations, the bicycle frame must be made on the basis of the so-called main triangle of the upper, seatpost and inclined tubes, to which the head tube and stays are attached to install the rear wheel. Frame material: classic steel frames, welded aluminum and carbon, with the lowest weight. However, the weight of the complete bike should not be less than 6.8 kg, on average - 9-10 kg. Also, the bike design includes aluminum or carbon rims for clincher tires (tire separately, tube separately) or single tubes (combined structure glued to the rim), bushings, spokes, cassettes, stars with a switch, classic ram-shaped handlebars, brake levers and shifters (gear shifting devices).

Equipment:

• cycling shorts with protection / cycling suit;
• breathable and sweat-wicking T-shirt or T-shirt;
• gloves;
• cycling shoes fixed on contact pedals with spiked soles;
• helmet.

Popular road racing events

In cycling, competitions are distinguished by Olympic program, according to the program of world championships and competitions of a general nature.

The Olympic Games are one of the most prestigious road cycling championships, held every four years.