Olympic champion in figure skating women. Figure skating

Today, the continuation of the history of Soviet and Russian figure skating is the prize-winners and world champions in women's single skating.

A few words from history regarding world championships. Today, men and women compete in the world championships in absolutely equal conditions in terms of participation in the world championships, but initially only men took part in the world championships. In the very first years (late 19th - early 20th centuries), women were not allowed to participate in world competitions, although local competitions, in which both women and couples participated, began to be held somewhere in the 1870s. One of the reasons for the lack of participation of women was clothing - long skirts and dresses that did not allow performing complex movements on the ice. Since 1902, the figure skater Madge Sayers (Great Britain) took part in the 1902 World Championship and competed against men. Ulrich Salkov was the winner of this championship, while Mej was second by a large margin, beating Martin Gordon (Germany) and Horace Torrom, an Argentinean resident of England. Salkov was so impressed by Sayers' performance that he gave her his gold medal champion.

The first women's world championship took place in 1906 in Davos. The winner was the same Madge Sayers, and the second - Jenny Hertz (Austria), who for the first time performed the rotation in the "sitting" position in the top. Sayers retained her title in 1907, beating Hertz again.

As for the participants from the USSR, among our participants for the first time, Elena Vodorezova managed to enter the podium of the world championship, who won bronze medal at the 1983 World Cup. And the first world champion in the history of Soviet and Russian figure skating was Maria Butyrskaya in 1999.

And now, all the champions and prize-winners of the girls' world championships. The titles of the skaters are not indicated all, but concerning the achievements in the world championships.

Bronze medalist of the 1983 World Championship.

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Silver medalist of the 1984 World Championship.

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Silver medalist at the 1985 World Cup.

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Bronze medalist at the 1996 World Championships, silver medalist at the 1998, 2000, 2001 World Championships, two-time World Champion in 2002 and 2005.

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Bronze medalist of the 1999 World Championship.

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Bronze medalist of the 1998, 2000 World Championships, 1999 World Champion.

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Silver medalist of the 2003 World Championship.

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8. Alena Leonova.

Silver medalist of the 2012 World Championship.

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Silver medalist of the 2014 World Championship.

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World Champion 2015.

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Bronze medalist of the 2015 World Championship.

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Bronze medalist of the 2016 World Championship.

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Two-time world champion in 2016 and 2017.

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Here are all the skaters - the winners and prize-winners of the world championships. Our history, which will definitely be replenished with new names.

Thanks for…

The material is partially used from the book: Absalyamova I.V. Centenary history of the world championships figure skating ice skating (single skating): Textbook. manual for students acad. and in-s physical. cult. / RGAFK. - M .: FON, 1997

"SE" represents all Russian victors of the XXII Olympic Winter Games

Kind of sport: figure skating

Winners: Evgeny Plushenko, Yulia Lipnitskaya, Elena Ilinykh / Nikita Katsalapov, Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov, Ksenia Stolbova / Fedor Klimov, Ekaterina Bobrova / Dmitry Soloviev (team tournament)

The Russian national figure skating team won gold in team tournament Olympic tournament, which was held for the first time at the Olympics. After eight events, the team of Yulia Lipnitskaya, Evgeny Plushenko, duets Tatyana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov, Ksenia Stolbova and Fedor Klimov, Ekaterina Bobrova and Dmitry Solovyov, Elena Ilinykh and Nikita Katsalapov scored 75 points. The second place went to the Canadian skaters - 65 points, the third - to the US team with 60 points.

Kind of sport: figure skating

Winners: Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov (pair skating)

Tatyana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov became two-time Olympic champions in Sochi, having won the tournament and in pair skating. Taking into account the short program, they scored 236.86 points (84.17 + 152.69). Another representatives of Russia - Ksenia Stolbova and Fedor Klimov (218.68) - became silver medalists of the 2014 Games.

Kind of sport: short track

Winner: Viktor An

Russians Viktor An and Vladimir Grigoriev became the champion and vice-champion of the Olympic Games in Sochi at a distance of 1000 meters. On February 10, An won bronze at a distance of 1500 meters, which became the first ever medal for our country in short track. In 2006, at the Turin Olympics, he, speaking for Korea, became the champion at distances of 1000, 1500 m, as well as in the relay of 5000 m.

Kind of sport: skeleton

Winner: Alexander Tretyakov

Skeleton player Alexander Tretyakov, following the results of four races, showed a time of 3 minutes 44.29 seconds, which brought him the gold medal of the Games. Silver went to Latvian Martins Dukurs (3.45.10), bronze to American Matthew Entoine (3.47.26). Tretyakov's gold was the first for Russian athletes in the skeleton at the Olympics: in Vancouver, Tretyakov was third.

Kind of sport: bobsled

Winners: Alexander Zubkov and Alexey Voevoda (deuce)

The Russian crew consisting of Alexander Zubkov and Alexey Voevoda won the doubles competition. The second place was taken by the Swiss team, bronze - by the USA. Another Russian team - Alexander Kasyanov and Maxim Belugin - finished fourth, 0.03 seconds behind third.

Kind of sport: snowboard

Winner: Vic Wilde

Russian Vic Wilde won gold at the Sochi Olympics in the parallel giant slalom. In the first of the two final heats, he lost 0.54 seconds to Nevin Galmarini of Switzerland, but won the second with a margin of 2.14. Slovene Zhan Koshyr became the bronze medalist of the Games. Recall that on the same day, Wilde's wife Alena Zavarzina brought Russia another award, winning bronze in the women's competition.

Kind of sport: figure skating

Winner: Adeline Sotnikova

Russian woman Adelina Sotnikova is the Olympic champion of the 2014 Games in Sochi: this is the first ever gold in Russia in women's single skating. The winner scored 224.59 points. The second was the champion of Vancouver-2010 Korean Yuna Kim. The third is Italian Carolina Costner. Another representative of Russia, Sochi 2014 Olympic champion in team competitions, Yulia Lipnitskaya, is the fifth.

Kind of sport: short track

Winner: Viktor An

Russian Viktor An won the gold medal at the 2014 Olympics in Sochi at a distance of 500 meters.On February 15, he won the Olympic final at a distance of 1000 meters. Thus, An became a five-time Olympic champion - the first in the history of short track speed skating. He won all four disciplines - 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m and 5000 m relay. At the first two distances - in Sochi for Russia, at the last three - with Korea in Turin-2006.

Kind of sport: short track

Winners: Victor An, Semyon Elistratov, Vladimir Grigoriev, Ruslan Zakharov (relay)

The Russian national team (Viktor An, Semyon Elistratov, Vladimir Grigoriev, Ruslan Zakharov) won the gold medal in the 5000m relay at the 2014 Olympics in Sochi with an Olympic record. Victor An became the six-time Olympic champion in short track speed skating. Note that he already won medals in all four disciplines at the second Olympics: in Turin-2006, he had 3 gold (1000 m, 1500 m, relay) and 1 bronze (500 m) as part of the Korean national team. In Sochi, he also has 3 gold (500 m, 1000 m, relay) and 1 bronze (1500 m). In addition, An caught up with the famous American Apolo Anton Ono in the number of Olympic medals - 8 each.

Kind of sport: snowboard

Winner: Vic Wilde

Russian Vic Wilde won gold at the Sochi Olympics in the parallel slalom. In the first of the two final races, he beat Slovenian Jean Kosher by 0.12 seconds, and in the second he retained this advantage. Austrian Benjamin Karl became the bronze medalist of the Games. This gold became the second for Wilde in Sochi.

Kind of sport: biathlon

Winner: Alexey Volkov, Evgeny Ustyugov, Dmitry Malyshko, Anton Shipulin (relay)

Russian four won the 4x7.5 km relay. This is the first gold medal for domestic male biathletes in the relay race after the 1988 Olympics.

Kind of sport: ski race

Winner: Alexander Legkov

Russian skiers triumphantly completed the 50 km men's ski mass start, taking the entire podium. Alexander Legkov became the Olympic champion - his time was 1: 46.55.2. Silver was won by Maxim Vylegzhanin, bronze - Ilya Chernousov. Thus, Russia won 12 gold medals, which ensured an early victory in the team medal at home Olympic Games in Sochi.

Kind of sport: bobsled

Winners: Alexander Zubkov, Alexey Negodailo, Dmitry Trunenkov, Alexey Voevoda (four)

The crew of Alexander Zubkov, consisting of Alexei Negodailo, Dmitry Trunenkov and Alexei Voevoda, won gold medals at the Sochi Olympics in the foursome competition. For Zubkov and Voevoda, this is already the second gold medal of the 2014 Games - they had previously won the doubles competition. The second place in the tournament of fours was taken by Latvia, bronze - by the USA. The crew of Alexander Kasyanov became the fourth, 0.03 seconds behind the third place. The bobsledders brought Russia 13th gold and helped to consolidate its leadership in the overall team event, both in the number of highest standard medals and in the total number. Russia repeated the record of the USSR national team in 1976 in Innsbruck for the number of gold medals. The total number of medals has now reached 33: 13 gold, 11 silver and 9 bronze.

26 RUSSIANS - OLYMPIC CHAMPIONS OF SOCHI-2014

World Figure Skating Championships 2015 kicks off in Shanghai today. singles.

Yulia Lipnitskaya

PHOTO Hearst Shkulev Media Archives

The youngest winner in the history of Olympic figure skating, Yulia Lipnitskaya, became the main sensation in Sochi-2014. The 15-year-old figure skater, who, among other venerable pros, won the team competition, was applauded by President V.V. Putin, the stars of Russian figure skating and all Western media without exception. “With her incredibly light triple jumps, acrobatic spins and champion temperament, Yulia Lipnitskaya led Russia to the first gold award Sochi Olympics", - writes The Washington Post. In addition, Steven Spielberg himself wrote her a touching letter, stunned by her skating to the music from his film "Schindler's List".

“She amazed judges and spectators with her combination of skating elegance and exceptional flexibility,” sings The Guardian's praises to Yule.

Exceptional flexibility, phenomenal spins, but most importantly - the subtlety of performance and special drama, which no one expected from a 15-year-old girl, allow us to speak of her as one of the most talented skaters in history.

Katharina Witt is a legendary figure skater, the most famous and titled, Olympic champion in single skating (1984, 1988), four-time world champion, six-time European champion (1983-1988 in a row), eight-time champion of the GDR. The outstanding single athlete became a legend of the 80s - it was she who for the first time in the history of the world championships in 1981 performed the most difficult jump - the triple flip. Witt's career was so impeccable that after leaving amateur sports, the girl became a participant and producer of ice shows and worked for a long time under a contract with an American ice ballet troupe. In addition, Katarina was considered one of the most beautiful women of her time - men's magazines often offered her to participate in candid photo shoots, which she often did not neglect.

Ukrainian Oksana Baiul is a true legend of women's single skating, Olympic champion in 1994, who performed one of the best short programs in the history of figure skating (to the music of Tchaikovsky). The insane popularity of a Soviet girl in the United States, where she emigrated after a resounding success, was also associated with a number of scandals and curiosities around her name. So, at the Nations Cup in November 1992, 14-year-old Oksana fell on a jump, but was phenomenally able to beat the fall with dance moves, and then performed a triple salchow. In January 1993, as a debutante in the European Championship in the original dance, she made a mistake in the jump sequence and then found herself skating with an unlaced boot. The girl stopped the performance and turned to the judges - after the meeting, they allowed the entire program to be re-performed.

But the most dramatic moment of her sports life was the Lillehammer Olympics in 1994. Losing to the beauty and America's favorite Nancy Carrigan, Baiul, among other things, was attacked by a skater from Germany - with an injured back and lower leg, with stitches and painkillers Oksana performed a free program, completing five triple jumps. 5 out of 9 judges preferred her, leaving the clear favorite Carrigan in second place. Later, American television channels broadcast controversial point, focusing on the biased decision of the German judge Jan Hoffmann.

After completing her amateur career, Oksana moved to live in the United States, performed as a professional, and also underwent treatment in rehab for alcoholism and mental health problems.

An energetic volcano, an incredible figure skater who became a sensation in the 90s and a real star, 5-time European champion (1991-1995) and 9-time champion of France, Suria Bonali, however, never became a world champion. There have always been many controversies and even scandals around her name - on the one hand, she performed a number of technically complex elements that are not subject to anyone else in the world (for example, a back somersault, which was considered a prohibited element; quadruple sheepskin coat), on the other hand, mandatory for a curly Skating elements such as a triple sheepskin coat performed with obvious undercool. The record technique compensated for the quality of sliding - Suria Bonali was adored by the whole world, and her fans sincerely believed that the judges underestimated the skater. In addition, Bonali went down in history as the only skater who refused to climb the podium due to disagreement with the ratings.

The main star of American figure skating in singles, Michelle Kwan was considered an unattainable athlete for a decade.

The American of Chinese descent became a two-time Olympic medalist (although sensationally each time she did not take 1st place), a five-time world champion (second only to Sonya Henie's record) and a nine-time US champion. She is the only woman in figure skating to re-win the lost world title three times (1998, 2000, 2003). Even after the end of her career, Michelle is incredibly popular and receives multimillion-dollar contracts.

Before Yulia Lipnitskaya, Tara Lipinski was the youngest female athlete in the Olympic Games. At the time of her participation in the Winter Olympics, she was not yet sixteen years old. Champion winter Olympics 1998 in Nagano, 1997 world champion, 1997 USA champion, Tara Lepinski became an absolute sensation, beating even the titled Michelle Kwan at the Olympics. The effect of her performance was comparable to the emotions from the rental of Yulia Lipnitskaya - the girl-child turned out to be more convincing than more experienced athletes.

Today, the American admits that she is rooting with all her heart for the teenager from Russia Yulia Lipnitskaya - according to Tara, contrary to everyone's opinion, at 15 years old, stress and tension are no easier to experience than at a more mature age.

Today the whole world will know the name of the new Olympic champions in pair skating. Let's hope that they will be Tatyana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov, but we also wish our rivals to perform well and please us with beautiful programs. Let us recall those who already bear the title of Olympic champions.
1908. London. The first Olympic champions are the representatives of Germany Anna Huebler and Heinrich Burger.

1920. Antwerp. And the first post-war Olympic champions are Ludovica and Walter Jakobsson from Finland. At the time of the victory, by the way, the partner was 36 years old, and the partner 38 years old.

1924. Chamonix. The first Winter Olympics were won by Helen Engelmann and Alfred Berger of Austria, leaving the reigning Olympic champions in their fifties second.


1928. St. Moritz. At the previous Olympic Games, the French couple André Joly and Pierre Brunet were bronze medalists, and at these they won gold. Much of modern figure skating is due to this great pair. It was they who invented the mirrored step path, and they were also very creative and came up with new supports and rotations.


1932. Lake Placid. At this Olympics, André Joly and Pierre Brunet became the first two-time Olympic champions in history.


1936. Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Joly and Brunet did not come to this Olympics in protest against the Nazi policies of Adolf Hitler. The home Olympics were won by Germans Maxi Gerber and Ernst Bayer. At the time of the victory, the partner was a little over 15 years old. And if the legendary French did come to the Olympic Games, the German couple would still offer them worthy resistance. They are the world's first parallel jumpers.


1948. St. Moritz. The only gold medal in figure skating for their country was won by the Belgians Micheline Lannoy and Pierre Bonnier.


1952. Oslo. The victory in pair skating was again celebrated by representatives of Germany - Ria and Paul Falk. By the way, they were the first in history to jump a double parallel jump.

1956. Cortina d'Ampezzo. Austrian figure skaters have done very well in singles figure skating. At this Olympics, the time has come to finally repeat the success in pair skating. The victory was won by Elizabeth Schwartz and Kurt Oppelt.

1960. Squaw Valley. At this Olympics, the only time in pair skating was achieved by representatives of the North American continent. Canadians Barbara Wagner and Robert Paul won.


1964. Innsbruck. From this Olympiad, a grandiose and invincible procession and total superiority of the Soviet, and then the Russian, school of figure skating begins. The first victory was won by Lyudmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov.


1968. Grenoble. This time, 2 Soviet couples claimed gold, but Lyudmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov won again, and Tatyana Zhuk and Alexander Gorelik became silver. And two-time Olympic champions, by the way, still perform in various ice shows, despite the fact that she is 78 and he is 81 years old.

1972. Sapporo. The baton of Belousova and Protopopova was picked up by Irina Rodnina and Alexey Ulanov. After the Olympic Games, the couple broke up, as their partner married Lyudmila Smirnova, a silver medalist in these competitions, and then they continued to compete together.

1976. Innsbruck. Irina Rodnina wanted to leave the big sport, after the breakup of the champion pair with Ulanov, but her coach Stanislav Zhuk paired her with Alexander Zaitsev, with whom she won these Olympic Games. There weren't even a few close-class couples in the world. 6.0 ratings were common for this pair.

1980. Lake Placid. A year before, the Rodnina and Zaitsev couple had missed the season due to the birth of their son. In their absence, an American couple won the world championship, and the American media began a real persecution of the Soviet champions, accusing them of everything that only their imagination told them. The pressure was felt at the competitions, but Irina Rodnina and Alexander Zaitsev did not even give a chance to doubt that they were the best skaters in the world at that time.


1984. Sarajevo. Soviet couples of a new generation came to the fore. The best of them were Elena Valova and Oleg Vasiliev.


1988. Despite the fact that Valova and Vasiliev remained in the big sport after winning the previous Olympic Games, they no longer had a chance to win. The whole world was simply in love with the new Soviet couple, who did not know defeat in international competitions... They were Ekaterina Gordeeva and Sergei Grinkov. Valova and Vasiliev were second.


1992. Albertville. And again, only domestic pairs competed for the Olympic gold. In the end, Natalia Mishkutenok and Artur Dmitriev won the victory.

1994. Lillehammer. It was from these games that professional athletes were allowed to compete at the Olympic Games. And several glorious athletes of the past decided to take advantage of this opportunity, but only one of them took gold. These were the invincible Ekaterina Gordeeva and Sergei Grinkov.


1998. Nagano. After the last Olympics, the couple Mishkutenok and Dmitriev, who then took 2nd place, broke up. They were unhappy with the decision international federation, but still Arthur really wanted to try on the Olympic gold medal again, and with his new partner Oksana Kazakova, in the fiercest competition with the second Russian couple Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze, he made his dream come true.


2002. Salt Lake City. The time has come to become the Olympic champions of one of the most beautiful and incomparable couples in the entire world history of figure skating, Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze, which they did. True, they still conceded hysterically to the North Americans begging for alms, but let's leave it on the conscience of the international federation and won't even mention these pseudo-champions.


2006. Turin. In the last decade, the school of pair figure skating was born and developed strongly, which was able to compete with the Russian one. I'm talking about China. It was in intense competition with them that the entire Olympic cycle went through, but the main start of the four-year period was won by our Tatyana Totmianina and Maxim Marinin.


2010. Vancouver. And now it finally happened. The number 13 became fatal for Russia, and it was for the thirteenth time in a row that the athletes of our country did not manage to win Olympic gold. And then there was not a single pair capable of competing with the Chinese. But let us agree that almost half a century of domination in the world arena means a lot. Xu Shen and Hongbo Zhao became Olympic champions. It was with them that the history of the success of Chinese athletes in figure skating began, and it would be unfair if these great skaters ended their careers without becoming Olympic champions.

Who will be the next will be known very soon, but we can say that this will not affect the historical dominance of our skaters. Medal table in pair skating looks like this
GOLD TO SILVER BRONZE
USSR 8 5 1
Russia 4 2 0
Germany 3 3 6
Austria 2 2 1
France 2 0 2
Canada 1 2 3
China 1 2 2
Finland 1 1 0
Belgium 1 0 0
USA 0 3 2
United Kingdom 0 1 2
Hungary 0 1 4
Norway 0 1 0

A winter sport in which athletes skate on ice with additional elements, most often to music. In official competitions, as a rule, four sets of medals are played: in women's singles, in men's singles, in pair skating, as well as in ice dancing. Figure skating included to the program of the Winter Olympic Games.

The oldest skates were discovered on the banks of the Southern Bug, near Odessa, dating back to the Bronze Age. Such skates were made from the phalanx of the front legs of horses.

It is believed that the birthplace of figure skating is Holland. It was there, in the XIII-XIV centuries, that the first iron skates appeared. The emergence of a new type of skate gave a powerful impetus to the development of figure skating, which at that time consisted in the ability to draw intricate figures on the ice and at the same time maintain a beautiful pose.

All required figures were created in the UK. This is explained by the fact that it was here that the first ice skating clubs arose (Edinburgh, 1742). At the same time, the first official rules of the competition were developed.

In 1882, the first international competition in Europe took place in Vienna. The crowns won a landslide victory.

The very first edition of the figure skating rules, published in England, dates back to 1772.

English Artillery Lieutenant Robert Jones published A Treatise on Ice Skating, in which he described all the major figures that were then known.

It has been known in Russia since the time of Peter I. The Russian tsar brought the first skates from Europe. It was Peter I who invented a new method of attaching skates - directly to the boots and thus created the "prototype" of today's equipment for skaters.

The name "skates" arose because the front of the wooden "runners" was usually decorated with a horse's head.

In 1838, the first textbook for figure skaters was published in St. Petersburg - "Winter fun and the art of ice skating." Its author was G.M. Pauli is a gymnastics teacher at the military educational institutions of St. Petersburg.

A surge of interest in figure skating came after the European tour of American figure skater Jackson Gaines. He showed unexpected possibilities of performing impetuous figures in the most graceful body movements.

Russian figure skating, as a separate sport, originated in 1865. Then a public skating rink was opened in the Yusupov Garden on Sadovaya Street. This skating rink was the most comfortable in Russia and from the very first days it became a center for training figure skaters. On it on March 5, 1878, the first competition of Russian figure skaters took place.

In 1881, about 30 people belonged to the "Society of Ice Skating Fans".

One of the most famous sports and public figures was the Honorary Member of this society Vecheslav Izmailovich Sreznevsky.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Salchow, Lutz, Rittberger, Axel Paulsen invented their jumps, and the skaters left their names in the names of the elements in gratitude for this.

Women's single skating took shape later. Officially, this happened at the end of January 1906 in Davos (Switzerland). Compulsory figures for women and men were similar, but women's free skating immediately attracted attention with high artistry, plasticity and musicality of movements.

The official world championships for women began in 1924. Since 1930, the World Figure Skating Championships for women and men have been held jointly at the same time. Soon, pair (mixed) skating appeared. The international pair skating championship was first played in 1908 in St. Petersburg, the winners were German figure skaters.

The fourth type of figure skating - sports ice dancing - was born much later in England. Only in 1952 in Paris the dancers played their awards for the first time, the British were the strongest. Synchronized skating competitions have gained the greatest popularity in recent years. This sport is widespread in Canada, USA, Sweden, Finland, England, France.

Since 1983, annual synchronized skating championships have been held in Canada. And in 1988, these competitions were held in conjunction with competitions in the main types of figure skating. The pair skating competition was first held in Canada in 1914 and was held regularly until 1964, and resumed in 1981. The leaders in this type of figure skating are the Canadian and American teams.

The popularity of figure skating grew, and already in 1908 figure skating competitions were for the first time included in the program of the Summer Olympic Games in London.

The first Olympic champions in single skating in 1908 were M. Sayers (Great Britain), U. Salchow (Sweden), Panin-Kolomenkin (Russia) and the sports pair A. Hubler - G. Burger (Germany). Figure skating was included in the program of the Summer Olympic Games in Antwerp (1920), later it was presented at all Winter Olympics. Outstanding success in Olympic competitions achieved by Gillis Grafström (Sweden), who won 3 gold and 1 silver medals, three times Olympic champions- Sonya Henie (Norway) and Irina Rodnina (USSR).

At the White Olympics in St. Moritz (1948), American figure skater Dick Button literally made a coup. It was with him that jumps in several turns and other acrobatic elements were "registered" in figure skating. The button literally flew over the rink. His reward was a gold Olympic medal in single skating.

The Olympic championship was played in singles (men's and women's) and pair skating. In 1976 in Olympic program sports ice dancing was included.

Figure skating elements

Before the performance, the skater submits an official form, which describes the approximate content of the program: which elements and in what sequence will be performed.

Steps

In programs, step tracks and steps are executed as connecting elements.

Spirals

Spiral- A helix is ​​a position with one skate on the ice and a free leg (including knee and boot) above hip level. The positions of the spirals differ from each other by the sliding leg (right, left), the edge (outside, inside), the direction of sliding (forward, backward) and the position of the free leg (backward, forward, sideways). A drawing of a sequence of spirals is any combination of arcs (on edges - spirals in a straight line are ignored and are not counted in the number of positions). Only the first three arcs are considered for the Difficulty traits. In order for the spiral to be counted, you need to be in position for at least 3 seconds.

The most common spiral is considered "Martin"... In "swallow", the free leg can be from 90 degrees relative to the ice to a full split.

Biellmann- performed with raising the free leg, grabbing the skate blade with your hands and arching in the back. Named after Denise Biellmann, who first performed Biellmann in international competitions as an element of rotation. With perfect execution, an almost vertical twine is obtained.

Rotations

1) Simple; 2) With a change of legs or combined; 3) Joint; 4) Dance.

Spin Jumping

costal:

Axel

Bounce Axel named for the Norwegian figure skater Axel Paulsen, who first performed it in 1882. (edge ​​jump)

Rittberger

Rittberger(English loop) - the jump is named after the German figure skater Werner Rittberger, who first performed it in 1910. (edge ​​jump)

Salchow

Salchow(Eng. Salchow) - the jump is named after the Swedish figure skater Ulrich Salchow, who first performed it in 1908. (edge ​​jump)

toothed:

Sheepskin coat

Sheepskin coat(engl. toe loop) - the jump was first performed by the American figure skater Bruce Mapes in 1920. (cog jump)

Flip

Flip(English flip) - the jump is performed by pushing the toe of the supporting leg while moving backward on the inner edge of the other leg. Departure is carried out on the jogging leg.

Lutz

Bounce Lutz named for the Austrian figure skater Alois Lutz, who first performed it in 1913. (cog jump)