D O C L A D
p o ph and z k u l t ure
on the topic of
"BASKETBALL"
Completed by student
9th grade School number 77
Chernov Vadim
Saratov 2005
Basketball is a fun and athletic game that is an effective means of physical education... It is no coincidence that he is very popular among schoolchildren. Basketball, as an important means of physical education and health improvement of children, is included in the general education programs of secondary schools, schools with polytechnic and industrial training, children's sports schools, city departments of public education and departments at sports voluntary societies.
Bibliography:
1. Basketball. Throws on the ring: Masters advise. // Physical education at school - 2002.
2. Basketball: Textbook for institutes of physical culture // Pod. Ed. .-M .: Physical culture and sport, 1998.
3. Basketball: Textbook for universities of physical culture // Pod. ed. ... - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1997.-
4. Valtin - basketball at school. - M .: Education, 1996.
Basketball (from the English. basket- basket, ball- ball) - olympic look sports, a sports team ball game in which the goal is to throw the ball into the opponent's basket more times than the opposing team will do at the set time. Each team consists of 5 field players.
The history of the emergence and development of basketball
In 1891, in the United States of America, a young Canadian teacher, Dr. James Naismith, in an attempt to “revive” gymnastics lessons, attached two fruit baskets to the balcony railing and suggested throwing soccer balls into it. The resulting game only vaguely resembled modern basketball. There was no question of dribbling, the players threw the ball to each other and then tried to throw it into the basket. The team that scored the most goals won.
A year later, Naismith developed the first rules for the game of basketball. The very first matches according to these rules caused their first changes.
Gradually, basketball from the United States penetrated first to the East - Japan, China, the Philippines, and then to Europe and South America. After 10 years on Olympic Games in St. Louis, the Americans organized a demonstration tour between teams from several cities. The Basketball Association of America (BAA) was formed in 1946. The first match under her auspices took place on November 1 of the same year in Toronto between the Toronto Huskies and the New York Knickerbockers. In 1949, the association merged with the US National Basketball League to form the National Basketball Association (NBA). In 1967, the American Basketball Association was created, which for a long time tried to compete with the NBA, but after 9 years it merged with it. Today, the NBA is one of the most influential and well-known professional basketball leagues in the world.
In 1932, the International Amateur Basketball Federation was founded. The federation includes 8 countries: Argentina, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Romania. Sweden, Czechoslovakia. Based on the name, it was assumed that the organization would be headed only by amateur basketball, however, in 1989, professional basketball players received admission to international competitions, and the word "amateur" was removed from the name.
The very first international match took place in 1904, and in 1936 basketball was included in the Summer Olympics.
Basketball rules (briefly)
The rules of the game of basketball changed several times until 2004, when the final version of the rules was formed, which is considered relevant to this day.
- There are two teams playing basketball. Usually a team consists of 12 people, 5 of whom are outfield, and the rest are considered substitutes.
- Dribbling the ball in basketball... Athletes in possession of the ball must move around the field by hitting the floor. Otherwise, a "passing the ball" will be counted, and this is a violation of the rules in basketball. Accidentally touching the ball with a part of the body other than the hand is not considered an offense, as opposed to purposefully playing with a foot or fist.
- A basketball match consists of 4 periods or halves, but the timing of each half (game time) differs depending on the basketball association. For example, in the NBA a match consists of 4 halves of 12 minutes each, while in FIBA each such half lasts 10 minutes.
- There are short breaks between periods, and between the second and third periods, the break time is increased.
- A ball thrown into the basket can bring a different number of points to your team. If the ball is scored during the free throw, the team scores 1 point. If the ball is thrown from an average or close distance (closer to the 3-point line), then the team is given 2 points. Three points are earned by a team if the ball is thrown from behind the three-point line.
- If in regulation time both teams scored the same number of points, then a 5-minute overtime is assigned, if it ends in a draw, then the next one is assigned, and so on until the winner is determined.
- The 3 second rule is a rule that prohibits any player on the attacking team from being in the free throw area for more than three seconds.
- The two-step rule in basketball... The player is allowed only two steps with the ball, after which he must either shoot or pass.
Basketball field
The basketball court has a rectangular shape and a hard surface. The surface of the site must not have any bends, cracks or any other deformation. The basketball court must be 28 meters long and 15 meters wide (standard). The ceiling height must be at least 7 meters, and at professional sites, the ceilings are raised to a height of 12 meters and higher. The lighting on the field must be made so that it does not interfere with the movement of the players and must evenly cover the entire field.
Until the end of the 60s, tournaments could be organized in the open air. Nowadays, however, basketball matches are held only on closed grounds.
Site markup
- Bounding lines. They run along the entire perimeter of the site (2 short endlines and 2 long side lines).
- Center line. It is carried out from one side line to the other and at the same time it is parallel to the front lines.
- The central zone is a circle (radius 1.80 m) and is located exactly in the center of the basketball field.
- The three-point lines are semicircles with a radius of 6.75 m, drawn to the intersection with the parallel (front) lines.
- Free throw lines. The free throw line is drawn 3.60 m long parallel to each endline so that its far edge is 5.80 meters from the inner edge of the endline, and its middle is on an imaginary line connecting the midpoints of both endlines.
Basketball
The ball is spherical, painted in the approved shade of orange, and features a pattern of eight panels and black seams.
Basketball hoop and backboard dimensions
The height of the basketball hoop from the floor is 3.05 meters (standard). The diameter of a basketball hoop ranges from 45 cm to 45.7 cm. The hoop itself should be painted bright orange. A special net 40-45 cm long is attached to the ring. The basketball hoop is located at a distance of 15 cm from the backboard.
Basketball owes its origins to the American College of the Christian Youth Association in Massachusetts. It was there that, for the first time in 1981, one of the teachers invented a game that partly does not understand modern basketball. At that time, the form of sports in physical education classes was minimal, and students were simply bored all the time allotted for sports. Therefore, in order to slightly change the attitude of his wards to physical education, teacher James Naismith decided to introduce a new game in his lessons. He simply tied two empty baskets of peaches on both sides of the sports hall, divided 18 students into two teams of 9 people and established the very first rules - it was necessary to throw into the opponent's basket as much as possible more balls... It should be noted that the first rules did not provide for the ball to touch the floor, it was simply thrown from hand to hand between the players who were on the court. And the baskets themselves were not perfect - after each throw, it was necessary to take a ladder and climb to retrieve the ball and re-enter it into the game. But even this slight inconvenience did not stop the interest, both on the part of students and other teachers, in the innovation, and very soon basketball became a very popular game among American youth.
It is important to note that over the entire period since its foundation, this sport has gradually developed, improved, and became a cult among millions of fans. Basketball began to actively advance on the world stage in the 30s - 40s of the last century. And since then it has become a very popular sports competition. But he still enjoys the greatest popularity in his homeland, in the USA, as well as in Canada, where basketball has also become a very popular sport.
But why is basketball so popular? Everything is very simple. To start playing, you just need to fix a special basketball backboard with a basket on the wall. Moreover, the height of its location in no way interferes with other sports. Thus, the basketball hall can simultaneously serve as a hall for practicing other sports such as gymnastics, volleyball, a variety of athletics exercises and even mini football. Both boys and girls can play basketball. The game does not require special physical fitness, but in the future it very successfully ensures the physical and psychological development of the athlete, strengthens the team spirit, develops reaction speed, endurance, patience, character.
It is noteworthy that you can play basketball both in indoor gyms and in open areas. Pi this does not need a lot of free space, and for training, one shield with a ring may be enough at all. This is the best sport for urban urbanization conditions, where it is very problematic to find a large free area for training.
Physical fitness benefits of basketball
In the world today, there are quite a few playing sports. These are such as football, hockey, volleyball, water polo, tennis, badminton and others. There is simply no point in listing them all. But many people prefer basketball. There are many reasons why. Let's take a closer look at them.
First of all, basketball attracts those who are at least above average height. And the fact that people just want to improve their health, while leading healthy image life, so this is not at all the main reason.
At first glance, it may seem that this sport is simple. It would seem that two teams pass the ball to each other and must hit the opponent's basket as often as possible. Nothing like this! Enough to take into account only the fact that an athlete runs about 8 kilometers during the game, while it is necessary to tactically correctly distribute his forces for powerful jumps and lightning-fast passes. Also, it is necessary to take into account the rather high pace and dynamics of the game.
What benefits does basketball bring to the body?
- First of all, a person who is with a ball is not only very strong and resilient. He has very good coordination of movements, and thanks to a variety of jumps, the vestibular apparatus is well debugged. Basketball has no less positive effect on the development of the respiratory system. Running at a fast pace in combination with jumping, very well strengthens the synnergic muscles, which are responsible for the mobility of the lungs.
- It is impossible not to mention the nervous system. It strengthens very well, thanks to the constant maintenance of the activity of many organs. Peripheral vision is developing very well, which greatly improves the perception of external factors. This is especially useful for children.
- The cardiovascular system also does not stand aside. It has long been noted that playing basketball is excellent in stabilizing blood pressure. There is another very significant plus in playing basketball. Everyone knows that tall people, namely those who usually play basketball, are very prone to stoop, which ultimately contributes to the development of various diseases of the spine. And the best prevention against this kind of habit is precisely basketball.
All the delights of this game can be enumerated for a very long time. I strongly advise you to do it and be always healthy and in good shape.
Basketball is one of the most popular ball games in the world, including in Russia. The history of this sport goes back more than one century, but it officially began in 1891. It was then that in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts (USA), a simple high school physical education teacher named James Naismith introduced his charges to the new game basketball (translated from English - basket + ball) and at the same time opened it to all mankind. He also compiled and published 13 rules of this game.
Aztec entertainment
Historians claim that before the beginning of our era, the ancient Aztecs amused themselves by throwing the ball into the rings, which vaguely resembles basketball. The ancestors of the Mexicans loved to play ball. They had a mixture of modern football and basketball. Two teams lined up in front of the line, which could not be crossed on the site up to one and a half hundred meters long. There were stands behind the players' backs, and stone rings opposite each other were fixed at a low height. The object of the game was to hit the rubber ball in the ring enemy.
This is how the game looked like among the Aztecs.
The rise of basketball as we know it
Educator James Naismith, mentioned at the beginning of the message, once tried to find a suitable sports activity for his students in the cold season, when physical education lessons were transferred to the gym. As a result, he came up with a game in which the participants could win not only due to physical data, but also due to playing skills and ingenuity. This is how basketball was born. Many of Naismith's rules still apply today.
The class was divided into two teams of equal number. Each of them had to throw a basketball into their opponent's fruit basket hung on the wall. At first, they used a soccer ball to play and only after some time did they come up with a special basketball. By the way, baskets appeared in basketball by accident. At first, Naismith used boxes for the game, but one day the school guard could not find them, and therefore offered to use baskets instead.
Now basketball is included in the school curriculum of physical education lessons.
The first official basketball match was played a year later. It was attended by two teams - 9 people in one and the other. It's funny that after any successful throw, you had to climb the ladder to retrieve the ball from the basket, because then they did not even guess to cut through its lower part so as not to climb after it every time again. Dribbling the ball also did not exist, the players threw it to each other, while one of them decided to throw a sports equipment inside the container.
Development of the sport
Gradually the game began to gain popularity and was further developed. She was carried away all over America, and then they learned about her in Canada and a little later in Europe:
- In 1932, the international basketball association, FIBA, was formed.
- In 1936, this sport was included in the Summer Olympics program.
- In 1946, the professional basketball league of the USA and Canada, the NBA, appeared, in which the strongest athletes at that time played. This situation persists to this day.
National championships have been organized in many countries, sports sections began to open everywhere to teach teenagers basketball skills and rules.
The boys have a responsible match.
The current basketball rules were formed gradually and were often rewritten. Now the teams consist of 12 people, but five enter the site. The ball is dribbled so that it hits the floor regularly and returns to the hand. For getting into the basket, the team is awarded a different number of points:
- a free throw for a violation is worth 1 point;
- 2 points are awarded for a hit at close range;
- for a successful throw from 6 meters or more, there are 3 points:
Precise throw and the ball goes into the basket!
The game consists of four quarters - 10 minutes each - and two minute breaks between them. There is a big break between the second and third quarters - 15 minutes. The main violations are:
- out - when the ball flew out of bounds;
- foul - push, holding an opponent with his hands;
- jogging - when the player has taken unnecessary steps.
Ministry of Education Russian Federation
Orsk Humanitarian and Technological Institute (branch)
state educational institution
higher professional education
Orenburg State University.
Faculty of Mechanics and Technology
Department of Physical Education.
by discipline: Physical culture
on the topic: "BASKETBALL"
Head: _________ Zhdanov S.I.
"_______" _________________2006
Performer: 2nd year student of group EO-21
Bushuev A.N.
"_______" _______________ 2006
Orsk 2006
INTRODUCTION
1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GAME
2. GAME TECHNIQUE
2. 1. Technique of playing in attack
2. 1. 1. Moving, jumping, stopping and turning
2. 1. 2. Catching the ball.
2. 1. 3. Passing the ball.
2. 1. 4. Throws to the basket
2. 1. 6. Feints
2. 2. Technique of protection
2. 2. 1. Technique of movement
2. 2. 2. Technique of mastering the ball and counteraction
3. TRAINING AND TRAINING.
3. 1. Physical training
3. 2. Technical and tactical training
3. 2. 1. Catching and passing the ball
3. 2. 2. Throw in the basket
3. 2. 3. Dribbling
3. 2. 4. Feints
4. COMPETITION SYSTEM
4. 1. Competitive activity
4. 2. Basic rules of the game
4. 3. Information and material support of the training system
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Physical education teacher at Springfield Training School (later converted to college) in Massachusetts (USA). James Naismith in December 1891 invented the game, which he described as: "Basketball is easy to play, but difficult to play well." The new game turned out to be so dynamic and exciting that it surpassed Naismith's wildest hopes. Very soon it won universal recognition in America, and in the modern world millions of people play it.
Paying tribute to James Naismith, Springfield College awarded him an honorary master's degree in physical education in 1911. In 1939. McGill University awarded Naismith with a doctorate in medicine, and in 1968. The James Naismith Museum, the Basketball Hall of Fame, was opened at Springfield College. This was how respect was expressed for the person who gave the world a wonderful game.
James Naismith (1861 -1939) was born in Canada. Of course, when creating a new game, he used to some extent the historical information about ball games, which in ancient times was cultivated on the American continent. For example, more than two and a half thousand years ago, the Inca and Mayan tribes, who lived at that time on the territory of present-day Mexico, played the so-called pok-slippers. The object of the game was to throw the ball into a stone ring, fixed upright on the wall.
In the sixteenth century, the Aztecs had a game called ollamalituli: the players tried to throw a rubber ball into a stone ring.
Starting at Springfield College, James Naismith met there with Dr. Luther Gulick, who was persistently looking for new forms and methods of physical education. Assigned by Dr. Gulik to spice up the lessons, James Naismith came up with an indoor game. The conditions of the sports hall determined the need to play with a round ball and only with hands. For this, a soccer ball was chosen that could be easily caught, passed, and thrown after a relatively short practice. To avoid being rude when throwing at the target and to develop accuracy among students, Naismith positioned the target above the players, out of their reach: to the balcony lamps, he attached two baskets for collecting peaches, into which he had to throw the ball. The balcony of the gymnasium was located at a height of 3m 5cm from the floor - this height corresponds to the modern distance from the surface of the basketball court to the top edge of the basket ring.
In the new game, men and women at the same time took part in the beginning.
Since there were eighteen people in the gymnastic group, J. Naismith divided them into two teams of nine people each. Later, the number of players was reduced to seven, and then to five, as the larger number of participants created unnecessary fuss on the court. Since the ball was thrown into the basket, the new game was called "basketball" (basket-basket, ball-ball).
In December 1891. Naismith formulated the first rules of the new game and played the first basketball match. In 1892. he published The Basketball Rules Book, containing thirteen points, most of which, in one form or another, are still in force today.
Pretty soon after the first matches, these rules were slightly changed. One of the reasons for the change, in particular, was the introduction of shields (1895), to which baskets were attached. The shields were a kind of protection for the basket. The fact is that the spectators who were on the balcony, trying to help their team, often caught the ball and sent it to the opposing team's basket.
Basketball is currently played on all five continents.
Basketball is developing rapidly in Asia and some African countries.
In our country, basketball began to be played in 1906. The first teams were created by the Mayak Society in St. Petersburg. This game was not widely used in tsarist Russia. The real development of basketball began after the Great October Socialist Revolution. In 1920. basketball is introduced as an independent subject in physical education institutions, is included in the program of sports holidays, is used as a means of physical training in the Vsevobuch system
In 1922, the rules of the game were developed. They began to play basketball not only in the Russian Federation, but also in Central Asia, Ukraine, and the Transcaucasus;
The first major basketball competition in our country was held during the 1923 All-Union Physical Education Festival. in Moscow.
Since that time, the game of basketball has spread and developed rapidly, and the Soviet basketball school has begun to take shape. By 1939. it became clear that for the further development of the technique and tactics of the game, it is necessary to radically change its rules. This was also dictated by the fact that the rules of the game in our country were significantly different from international ones.
New rules were introduced in January 1939. The first major competition held under the new rules was the match of 8 cities in 1941 (Leningrad), in which, in addition to the men's teams from Moscow, Leningrad, Tbilisi, Baku, Odessa, the national teams of Tartu, Riga, Kaunas, who had extensive experience in international meetings, participated.
This match showed that for the period from 1917 to 1941. Soviet basketball players created their own school of play, distinguished by the speed of attacks and active play in defense. However, it became clear that there was still a lot of work to be done.
The Great Patriotic War suspended the development of basketball.
Only in 1944 was the eleventh national championship held (in Tbilisi).
The most rapid growth in the skill of Soviet basketball players has been noted since 1946. In 1947, basketball players of the Soviet Union entered the The International Federation basketball (FIBA) and take part in the fifth European championship (men's team), which they successfully win. In the future, our basketball players and basketball players participate in all international competitions: the European and World Championships, the European Champions Cup, the Olympic Games (since 1952), etc.
In the Olympic Games 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964. the USSR men's team ranked second after the USA national team, and in 1968 - third place. In 1967 the USSR women's and men's national teams won the world championship title.
