Catalog of articles on sport and healthy lifestyle. Field hockey is an olympic sport or not

This discipline is considered one of the oldest sports, which appeared approximately in 2000 BC e.

Historical monuments related to by 2000 BC and 1200— ad with a club and a ball.

Modern look games originated in schools and universities Great Britain in the middle of the 19th century. So, in 1861 in London arose first ice hockey club "Blackheath" Later, other organizations appeared. Before that in 1852 the rules of the game of field hockey were developed.

International Federation and other names of organizations

January 18, 1886- education of the official National Field Hockey Association. Gradually, this sport began to spread throughout Europe and Asia, and also gained popularity in the USA and Canada. ... In 1895 g. was held first international match between Ireland and Wales. A January 7, 1924 in France, it was decided to establish International Federation field hockey.

As for women's field hockey, then first club in 1876 was also educated in England at the University of Oxford.

In 1894 g. the National Field Hockey Association was formed in Ireland. At the beginning of the 20th century women's sports began to spread throughout the world and in 1926 year took place the first international meeting.

A in 1927 in the UK was formed International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations.

Is it an Olympic sport?

Since 1908 is part of Olympic Games field hockey among men, since 1980 among women. The format of the competition has changed several times. For instance, in 1908 and 1952 matches were played right through, and in 1920 and 1932- in a circular system. The rest of the games had a standard format. First the group stage, and then the playoff stage. At the Olympic Games, discipline was absent only in 1912 and 1924.

Photo 1. The match between the women's national teams of Czechoslovakia and Poland at the Olympic Games in Moscow in 1980.

What is the name of a special kind of game

A kind of field hockey - indro hockey that appeared in 1972 in Germany... Then it was played first tournament... The first World Cup was held in 2003, where medals in both the women's and men's categories were won by the German teams. The main differences from classic field hockey:

1. Coating... The match takes place on artificial turf, not on grass.
2. The size of the site. If field hockey requires a field with dimensions 55 * 91 m, then for indro hockey - 20 * 40 m.
3. Line-up... Indro hockey requires 6 people (5 field players and 1 goalkeeper), for field hockey it is necessary 11 players.
4. Time... The duration of the meeting is also different, in indrohockey 2 halves of 20 minutes.

How are matches between men and women held?

the main task- score more goals than the opposing team.

If the score is equal after the whistle, a draw remains, but in tournaments where an equal score is not provided extra time and shootout.

The match starts from the center of the field, with the athletes being placed on their halves of the site. After the referee blows the whistle, the competition begins.

Field players have the right to touch the ball flat side only and you must not touch the projectile with your hands and feet. Goalkeeper on the contrary, it is not prohibited to touch the ball with both hands and feet, but if the projectile is pinned to the goalkeeper or he deliberately kicks the ball with his hand, then a free throw is awarded.

Attention! A goal is counted only if the projectile hammered out of the circle.

As for outs, corners, goal kicks, everything is like in regular football. When the ball has gone away from the attacking team, the goal kick is taken. If from the national team occupying defensive position - corner.

The ball is out of bounds only when he is completely behind the side or front line. There are also penalty corners, they are assigned if there was a violation of the rules in the kick circle.

Contested ball the referee sets in case of interruption, the rally takes place from the place of interruption. Players' sticks must be down, then hit face of the subject over the projectile and play the ball.

The referees serve the match together, everyone is in their own half. They record violations, goals scored, control substitutions, signal the beginning and end of each half.

Exists European Hockey League, where only the elite teams of Europe play and, therefore, the rules for this confederation are different from the classic field hockey. EHL is playing 4 times, 17.5 minutes each. and five minute break, but in regular matches 2 stages 35 minutes each and rest between halves in 10 min.

There are also differences with regards to fines:

For minor violations, the referee demonstrates to the athlete green card and this is considered a warning.

If such a card is shown in the EHL, then the player sits on the penalty box for 2 min.

1. When the judge takes it out yellow card then the athlete is removed for 2-5 minutes, depending on the nature of the violation. In EHL - a player sits on the penalty box for 5-10 minutes.
2. Red card regardless of the league - removal before the end of the match with possible disqualification for the following games.

Organization of the Olympics and friendly matches

The organization of tournaments lies on the shoulders of the International Field Hockey Federation. This association includes 127 national federations... She is for such tournaments as:

One of the main advantages- a large number of friendly matches that help determine the current form of the team.

And the trainer at such meetings can try out various developments, see the shortcomings and choose optimal composition of the national team for upcoming official competitions.

Useful video

Check out the video that explains the rules of field hockey, from court requirements to fines.

Comparison with the "big brother"

More and more different kinds of sports appear in the world and everyone finds their spectator. Bandy has a lot of fans. After all, this kind of sport is close relative ice hockey and his fame is growing every year. This discipline is very popular in European countries. He not so hard and fast like ice hockey but also very entertaining and interesting.

Winners of the competition

Men

Women

Medal test

Country

Men

Women

Notes (edit)

1. No third place match, UK won both bronze medals
2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The final tournament was held in a round robin system

see also

• List of Olympic field hockey medalists

Links

• Field hockey at the Olympics
• Sports at the Summer Olympics

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

• Ice hockey at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics
• Ball hockey at the 2011 Asian Winter Games

See what "Field Hockey at the Olympics" is in other dictionaries:

dic.academic.ru

Field hockey at the Olympics

Field hockey competitions at the Summer Olympics first appeared at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London and have since been featured in every subsequent Games except the 1912 and 1924 Games. Moscow.

Field hockey is a summer Olympic sport, one of the most popular types of ice hockey. The competition is organized by the International Field Hockey Federation (Federation Intenationale de Hockey, FIH).

Field hockey is very popular in Great Britain and the former British possessions - India, Pakistan, Australia. In the USA and Canada, this sport is popular with girls in colleges and universities. It is known that games similar to field hockey were played in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, the Aztecs and the ancient Japanese even before the new era. The modern rules of the game were developed in Great Britain at the end of the 19th century. Since then, there have been only minor rule changes.

The first World Championship was held in 1971. Field hockey is an Olympic sport. Among men's teams at the Olympics, competitions have been held since 1908 (with a break in 1912 and 1924), among women's teams - only since 1980.

The World Field Hockey Championships have been held regularly since the 1970s.

In the USSR, field hockey began to develop in the mid-1960s. In 1967, the Field Hockey Federation was created, and in 1970 it became part of the International Federation. Field hockey in our country was less popular than its winter versions - ice hockey and bandy. The only time Soviet players at the Olympic Games achieved success was in 1980 in Moscow, when the women's and men's teams won each bronze medal... After the collapse of the USSR, field hockey in Russia is in crisis. The greatest successes are with the teams of Spain, the Netherlands, Australia, India and Pakistan. As with all types of hockey, players use sticks. The goal of the game is to drive the ball into the opponent's goal with a stick. It is prohibited for any player other than the goalkeeper to touch the ball with their hands or feet. The players wear ordinary sports shoes. All over the world they play on artificial turf.

The victory is won by the team that scored more goals during the game than the opponent. If the score is equal, a draw is declared (in some tournaments, extra time may be applied, and at the end of it - a penalty). But there is such a league in Europe EHL (European Hockey League) in this league the best teams from all over Europe participate, and here the rules have been significantly changed. 1) usually in field hockey, the cards are distributed as follows: A) for a minor violation of the rules, the referee shows the player a green warning card, and in EHL a green card is the removal from the field of the player who violated the rules for 2 minutes. B) in ordinary field hockey championships, a yellow card is the removal of a player from the field for 2-5 minutes at the discretion of the referees, and depending on the magnitude of the violations, and in EHL 5-10 minutes. C) A red card in both regular championships and in the EHL is a removal until the end of the game, and it is possible to skip subsequent matches - depending on the violations.

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Field hockey is ... What is Field Hockey?

Field hockey is a summer Olympic sport. The competition is organized by the International Field Hockey Federation (Fédération Internationale de Hockey, FIH). The International Ice Hockey Federation includes more than 116 countries.

There is a kind of indoor field hockey - indoor hockey, which is considered a separate sport, and is distinguished not only by the surface, but also by the smaller size of the court and the number of players in each team.

Field hockey is very popular in Holland, Germany, Spain, Belgium, England, Ireland, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Malaysia.

Story

Field hockey is one of the most ancient sports games.

The oldest monument dates back to around 2000 BC. The pyramid, located near the town of Beni Hasan in the Nile Valley, shows two players with clubs fighting for the ball. Historical documents show that the ancient Japanese ("kachi" and "dakiu") and the Aztec Indians ("cheuka") had games similar to hockey. The next of the discovered historical monuments of the game dates back only to 1200 AD. Painted on thick stained glass in the northern chorale of Canterbury Cathedral in England is a boy holding a club in his left hand and a ball at his right shoulder. In the Copenhagen Museum, on the altar, there is a statuette depicting two ice hockey players playing the ball. It dates back to 1333. The modern name of the game hockey may have come from the old French word "hoquet" - a shepherd's staff with a hook: many historians agree that the pioneers of field hockey are shepherds who while away free time playing this summer pasture game.

Field hockey these days

Field hockey found its present face in the middle of the 19th century in England. The development was based on schools and universities. The formation of the world's first ice hockey club dates back to 1861. It was the Blackheath Club in London. The players gathered at the Princess of Wales Hotel, chose red or blue hats from the bag (the club has retained these colors to this day) and went out to play on a nearby field - red against blue. The game was then played by both sides of the club. The ball was quite light and made of rubber. The hockey field measured 200 by 60 yards. Soon other hockey clubs appeared: Teddington, Surbiton, Richmond, East Surrey. The first rules of the game were developed in 1852. The rules of the game at Eton College were approved in 1860. Each school, each club at that time had its own version of the rules of the game. The first club to try to standardize the rules was East Surrey. The rules of 1875 stated that "the stick must not rise above the shoulder", "a goal cannot be awarded if the ball was hit from a distance of more than 15 yards from the goal post", "the ball must be white." Only with the founding of the first official national field hockey association (January 18, 1886) the rules were unified and collected in the form of a set. In 1887, the length of the club was limited, and the goalkeeper was given the right to play with his feet in the hitting circle. In 1889, the goal net was introduced as a mandatory attribute. In 1907, many of the rules were defined that still apply today. By the end of the 1970s. field hockey has become the most popular sport among students at Oxford and Cambridge Universities. The first official field hockey match was held between the students of these educational institutions. It was played in 1890. By the end of the 19th century. field hockey spread to many European countries, penetrated to India, then to Canada, USA, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. In the late 40s. 20th century this game began to develop in African countries. In 1895, the first international field hockey meeting took place: the match was held in Rila between the teams of Ireland and Wales. Organization and conduct international competitions, the clarification of the rules of the game was originally dealt with by the International Field Hockey Council, created in 1900. On January 7, 1924, the International Field Hockey Federation - FIH was founded in Paris. The initiator of its creation was the Frenchman Paul Lioti, who became its first president. Initially, FIH united the national hockey associations of 7 European countries: Austria, Belgium, Hungary, Spain, France, Czechoslovakia and Switzerland. In the same year, the first FIH charter was adopted. The International Field Hockey Federation unites 119 national federations and associations from Asia, America, Africa, Europe and Oceania. Nowadays, in many countries of the world, field hockey ranks second in popularity after football among team sports, in which competitions are held outdoors.

The rise of women's field hockey

Modern women's field hockey began its history in the 70s of the XIX century. In 1876, the world's first women's hockey club, founded by students at Oxford University, appeared in England. The first national association of women's field hockey was formed in 1894 in Ireland. Then the same associations arose in England and Wales. By the early 20th century, women's hockey teams had sprung up in European countries, Canada, the United States, New Zealand, and Australia. But until the 1920s. competitions for women's teams were held within the framework of national tournaments and meetings. International matches with the participation of hockey players began only in 1926. In 1927, at the founding congress in London, the International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (IFWHA) was created. But only 48 years later in Amsterdam, in the interests of women's hockey participation in the Olympic Games, the Supreme Council of Field Hockey was created, which included the leaders of the International Field Hockey Federation (FIH) and IFWHA. This advice was recognized by the International Olympic Committee and in 1976 it was decided to include women's field hockey in the Summer Olympic Games. Since 1978, uniform rules of the game have been introduced for men's and women's teams.

Olympic tournaments

Field hockey tournaments for men's teams were first included in the program of the Summer Olympic Games in 1908.Since 1932 they have been organized for all Summer Games... Women's national teams took part in the Olympic Games for the first time in 1980. The competition formula changed several times: in 1908 and 1952. the hockey tournament was held on a knock-out system, in 1920 and 1932. - in a circular system. At all other Olympic Games - according to a mixed system: preliminary games in two subgroups are held according to a circular system, the final part (drawing of medals and subsequent places) - according to the Olympic system. During the time during which field hockey is included in the program of the Olympic Games, the largest total number of medals was won by teams from India - 11 (8 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze), the Netherlands - 13 (3, 4, 6), Germany (including results in Germany) - 11 (3, 5, 3), Australia - 10 (4, 3, 3), Pakistan - 8 (3, 3, 2), Great Britain - 7 (3, 1, 3) and Spain - 4 ( 1, 2, 1). Seven hockey players are three-time Olympic champions, and all of them are representatives of the Indian national team from different years: Richard Allen and Dhayan Chand (1928, 1932 and 1936), Leslie Claudius, Ranaganandhan Francis, Balbir Singh, Randhir Singh Gentle (1948, 1952, 1956) and Udham Singh (1952, 1956, 1964). In the hockey Olympic tournaments of women's teams, three athletes have twice become Olympic champions: Rachell Hawkes, Jacqueline Pereira and Line Tut of the Australian women's national team (1988 and 1996).

Rules of the game

As with all types of hockey, players use sticks. The goal of the game is to drive the ball into the opponent's goal with a stick. It is prohibited for any player other than the goalkeeper to touch the ball with their hands or feet. The players wear ordinary sports shoes. All over the world they play on artificial turf.

The victory is won by the team that scored more goals during the game than the opponent. If the score is equal, a draw is declared (in some tournaments, extra time may be applied, and at the end of it - a penalty).

There is the European Hockey League (EHL). This league has the best teams from all over Europe and the rules have changed significantly. Usually in field hockey cards (penalties) are distributed as follows:

• for a minor violation of the rules, the referee shows the player a green warning card, and in the EHL a green card is the removal from the field of the player who violated the rules for 2 minutes.
• in ordinary field hockey championships, a yellow card is the removal of a player from the field for 2-5 minutes at the discretion of the judges, and depending on the magnitude of the violations, and in EHL 5-10 minutes.
• a red card in both regular championships and in the EHL is a deletion until the end of the game, and it is possible to skip subsequent matches - depending on violations.

The game involves two opposing teams of 11 people. The game continues for 70 minutes - two halves of 35 minutes with a break of 10 minutes.

In ordinary field hockey championships, the match time, as already mentioned, is 2 halves of 35 minutes, and in the EHL 4 halves of 17 minutes 30 seconds with intervals of 5 minutes between halves.

A goal will be awarded if the kick was struck from the circle of kick.

If the ball goes out of bounds by the attacking team, a goal kick is played. If the ball goes away from the defending team, then a corner is played

If a player of the defending team breaks the rules in the kick circle, the attacking team will take a penalty corner

The goalkeeper can only hit the ball with any part of his body or the playing side of his club. A penalty is awarded only if the ball is pinned to the goalkeeper or the goalkeeper deliberately knocks the ball out with his hand.

The "dead zones" for the goalkeeper at a penalty are the lower left corner at a distance of 40 to 60 cm from the ground (depending on the height of the goalkeeper) and the upper right "nine" (provided that the goalkeeper is right-handed)

Notes (edit)

Literature

Links

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Field hockey - the rules and features of the game

When choosing a healthy lifestyle, it is important to give preference to some kind of sport. Field hockey is one of the favorites for many active people today. Adults and children can learn the basics of the game. For this, it is important to know the rules of the game and have the necessary equipment.

Field hockey - the rules of the game

Even a child can learn to play field hockey for this, you need to know the rules of the game:

1. Line-up. The team consists of a goalkeeper, two defenders, three midfielders, five forwards. Two substitutes may only be used once during the entire game.
2. Game time. Often, novice hockey players are interested in how long field hockey lasts. For adults, each such match consists of two periods of thirty-five minutes each. For boys - two periods of half an hour and for children - two periods of twenty-five minutes with a ten-minute break.
3. Goal. According to the rules of the game, a goal is awarded when the ball completely crosses the goal line, or when one of the attackers touches the ball in the area of ​​the kick circle. In this case, it is forbidden to push and step on the opponent's feet. This can be judged as playing with the corps and will eventually be penalized. When the actions of the players pose a danger to themselves, the referee will sound the signal with the whistle. In addition, according to the rules, it is not allowed to block the road and block the opponent.
4. The ball is out of play. When the ball goes beyond the sidelines, it is put into play by the opposing player. All other players need to be at least four meters away from the ball.
5. Corner kick. It is awarded when the ball goes beyond the goal line outside the goal, while bouncing off the player.
6. It is customary to assign a free corner kick if the players of the defending team have violated the rules directly in the area of ​​the kick circle.
7. Any player who is in the opposing half of the field can be “out of play” when there are no 3 opposing players between them and the goal line during the pass by teammates.
8. Deletions. When players experience gross unsportsmanlike behavior, they may be sent off for five minutes or for the entire duration of the game.

Field hockey - equipment

The game of field hockey, loved by children and adults, provides for special equipment. You can't do without clubs, a ball and special clothing. Field players of the same team must be dressed the same. In this case, the goalkeeper's jersey must be different. All players can wear:

• special protective gloves;
• shin guards;
• teeth protection plates;
• special footwear;
• smooth protective mask.

The goalkeeper must have:

• protective helmet;
• mask;
• shields;
• shoe covers;
• bib;
• elbow pads;
• goalkeeper shorts.

Field hockey - sticks

It is generally accepted that a field hockey stick should have a weight of 340 to 794 g. As for the length, there are no restrictions. On average, it is 85-90 centimeters. The club hook is made of walnut, mulberry, acacia, or ash. The veins of the tree at the bending points must be parallel outside parties... Otherwise, the club can easily split. For the same reason, it is not recommended to wrap it.

Field hockey ball

It is impossible to play field hockey without the ball. Its diameter should be no more than 7.4 centimeters. Weight - within 156-163 g. According to the rules, the ball must be completely painted white, or painted over with white stripes. The core of the ball is made of cork and felt. Under the influence of dampness, such a ball can change weight and quickly lose its previous shape.

Field hockey pads

The world-famous sport of field hockey provides for the use of special shields by players. They are an element of hockey equipment that protects the knee joint, calf and shin of a hockey player. They consist of a cup and a shin-fitting shield. Additional elements of hockey shin guards are shock absorbing lining and special adjusting straps. A lateral shin protector is often available that can protect the calf muscle. Hockey pads are wide and narrow. The former have a larger and narrow ones have a smaller inner radius.

Field hockey shoes

When playing field hockey, it is important to choose good quality footwear. Experienced athletes choose field hockey shoes. They must certainly be comfortable and not hamper movement during the game. At the same time, you do not need to buy shoes "with a stock". Otherwise, the sneakers will cause a lot of inconvenience, and it is unlikely that you will be able to enjoy such a game. You can buy these special shoes in a specialized store.

Field hockey - interesting facts

It is known that field hockey competitions have a lot interesting facts:

1. The field for the game should be standard - 81-91 m by 50-55 m.
2. Before the start of the game, the field must be filled with water.
3. Field hockey is an Olympic sport. It was included in the program of the Olympic Games back in 1908.
4. Initially, the competition was held exclusively among the men's teams.
5. The championship among women was first held in 1980 in Moscow.
6. The ancestor of this sport is considered by many historians to be shepherds. They had fun in their free time, passing a stone to each other with the help of sticks.

Field hockey books

You can learn a lot of interesting things about field hockey by reading special literature:

1. Field Hockey E. Fedotov. Thanks to this book, everyone will be able to master the game loved by many. It is dedicated to the technique and tactics of hockey. Written in an accessible form, the book will be an excellent guide to the world of sports for children and adults.
2. "Field hockey. Competition rules "N. Dotsenko. The book talks about important rules refereeing and organizing the game.
3. A Dangerous Book for Boys by Conn Iggulden. The publication says that field hockey is an exciting game for boys that requires special skills and knowledge.

kak-bog.ru

Olympic champions and field hockey medalists

www.olympic-champions.ru

Field hockey | altedu.ru

Field hockey is a team sports game in a ball with sticks, where 2 teams play, each with eleven people.

This sport, in which two opposing teams try to throw the ball into a special fence with the help of sticks, belongs to the very first sports competitions of mankind. In ancient times, they existed under different names and in different forms. This ball and stick game has existed as early as 550 BC.

And modern field hockey began to develop in England at the beginning of the 19th century. The first national association and the first set of rules for the game were formed in 1886 in England.

Playing ball with golf clubs on the grass was one of the first ball games. This sport is played by men and women too. The game involves 2 teams that, when certain rules are followed, try to score the ball into the opponent's goal, including defending their own goal. The winner is the team that scored the most goals during the game.

This sport can only be played on level ground. Artificial turf is considered the most convenient.

Hockey players play in a T-shirt or a T-shirt, in shorts, and women in a T-shirt and a short skirt. Goalkeepers wear shields, gloves with cuffs, chain mail and face masks from reaching the knees.

Field hockey entered the list of the Olympic Games in 1908, then only men's teams played. And already in 1980, women's teams began to participate. The field hockey game is the only one Olympic view a sport in which Asian athletes have not been compared with anyone for many years. Hockey players from India and Pakistan have won gold medals in nine Summer Olympics.

In Moscow, field hockey at the Olympics was held in 1980. It was then that women's teams took part in the competition for the first time. At the Olympics, the USSR national team won 80 bronze medals. The International Field Hockey Federation has started hosting major international tournaments, world and European championships since 1970.

In field hockey, the leading countries are currently the Netherlands, Argentina, Germany, Australia, China and England, Spain. This can be seen in Beijing at the Olympic Games. Including in Russia, artificial grass of a modern level, equipment and outfit began to appear, the number of victories of the national teams of Russia and Russian clubs in international arenas also increased. Under the leadership of Igor Shishkov, the Russian men's youth team won the European Field Hockey and Indoor Hockey Championships in 2004. Russian clubs aspire to the world elite: "Hockey Club of the Moscow Region" is one of the 8 strongest clubs in Europe, which is held under the leadership of the field hockey of the European Federation.

Like other team games, field hockey can be recommended as a sport for young people. This sport will also be present at the 2013 Universiade. Competitions will be held from 7 to 12 July at the Field Hockey Center. 16 teams will participate, two sets of medals will be played. I hope our athletes will not let us down.

623, Zaripova I.R.

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Sports in your yard. What is field hockey

Grass hockey is an Olympic sport. The competition is organized by the International Field Hockey Federation (Federation Intenationale de Hockey, FIH).

Field hockey is very popular in Great Britain and the former British colonies - Australia, India, Pakistan. In the United States and Canada, field hockey is often played by girls in colleges and universities.

Short story field hockey

Games similar to field hockey were played in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, as well as the Aztecs and ancient Japanese before our era. Field hockey rules were developed in Great Britain at the end of the 19th century. They have changed little since then.

The first world field hockey championship was held in 1971 and since then championships have been held regularly. Since 1908, field hockey has been an Olympic sport. Among men's teams at the Olympics, competitions have been held since 1908 (with a break in 1912 and 1924), among women's teams - only since 1980. In the USSR, field hockey began to be played in the mid-1960s. In 1967, the Field Hockey Federation was created, and in 1970 it became part of the International Federation. The popularity of field hockey in the USSR was much less than ice hockey and bandy.

Brief rules games

Two teams of 11 people play. The game lasts two times, 35 minutes each, with a break of 10 minutes. As with all types of hockey, players use sticks. The goal of the game is to drive the ball into the opponent's goal with a stick. It is prohibited for any player other than the goalkeeper to touch the ball with their hands or feet. Play on artificial turf. The victory is won by the team that scored more goals during the game than the opposing team. If the score is equal, a draw is declared, or extra time and a penalty kick are assigned.

Field hockey competitions at the Summer Olympics first appeared at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London and have since been featured in every subsequent Games except the 1912 and 1924 Games. Moscow.

Field hockey is a summer Olympic sport, one of the most popular types of hockey. The competition is organized by the International Field Hockey Federation (Federation Intenationale de Hockey, FIH).

There is a kind of indoor field hockey - indoor hockey, which is considered a separate sport, and is distinguished not only by the surface, but also by the smaller size of the court and the number of players in each team.

Field hockey is very popular in Great Britain and the former British possessions - India, Pakistan, Australia. In the USA and Canada, this sport is popular with girls in colleges and universities. It is known that games similar to field hockey were played in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, the Aztecs and the ancient Japanese even before the new era. The modern rules of the game were developed in Great Britain at the end of the 19th century. Since then, there have been only minor rule changes.

The first World Championship was held in 1971. Field hockey is an Olympic sport. Among men's teams at the Olympics, competitions have been held since 1908 (with a break in 1912 and 1924), among women's teams - only since 1980.

The World Field Hockey Championships have been held regularly since the 1970s.

In the USSR, field hockey began to develop in the mid-1960s. In 1967, the Field Hockey Federation was created, and in 1970 it became part of the International Federation. Field hockey in our country was less popular than its winter versions - ice hockey and bandy. The only time Soviet players at the Olympic Games achieved success was in 1980 in Moscow, when the women's and men's teams won the bronze medal. After the collapse of the USSR, field hockey in Russia is in crisis. The greatest successes are with the teams of Spain, the Netherlands, Australia, India and Pakistan. As with all types of hockey, players use sticks. The goal of the game is to drive the ball into the opponent's goal with a stick. It is prohibited for any player other than the goalkeeper to touch the ball with their hands or feet. The players wear ordinary sports shoes. All over the world they play on artificial turf.

The victory is won by the team that scored more goals during the game than the opponent. If the score is equal, a draw is declared (in some tournaments, extra time may be applied, and at the end of it - a penalty). But there is such a league in Europe EHL (European Hockey League) in this league the best teams from all over Europe participate, and here the rules have been significantly changed. 1) usually in field hockey, the cards are distributed as follows: A) for a minor violation of the rules, the referee shows the player a green warning card, and in EHL a green card is the removal from the field of the player who violated the rules for 2 minutes. B) in ordinary field hockey championships, a yellow card is the removal of a player from the field for 2-5 minutes at the discretion of the referees, and depending on the magnitude of the violations, and in EHL 5-10 minutes. C) A red card in both regular championships and in the EHL is a removal until the end of the game, and it is possible to skip subsequent matches - depending on the violations.

The game involves two opposing teams of 11 people. The game continues for 70 minutes - two halves of 35 minutes with a break of 10 minutes.

In ordinary field hockey championships, the match time, as already mentioned, is 2 halves of 35 minutes, and in the EHL 4 halves of 17 minutes 30 seconds with intervals of 5 minutes between halves.

The history of field hockey in our country has centuries-old traditions, and the modern history of field hockey as an Olympic sport is extremely extraordinary and full of surprises. One of the "white spots" in the history of field hockey in our country, discovered thanks to the project "History of field hockey in Russia", is the official membership of the USSR Field Hockey Federation in the International Field Hockey Federation (FIH) from 1956 to 1960.

USSR in the International Field Hockey Federation in 1956 - 1960: "We are very sorry about your exit"

Yes, the dear reader was not mistaken: indeed, from December 1, 1956 to April 1960, the All-Union Field Hockey Section of the USSR was an official member of the International Field Hockey Federation. Traditionally, it is believed that the USSR Field Hockey Federation entered the International Field Hockey Federation as a temporary member in 1969, and since 1970 has become a permanent member. It is 1969 that is considered to be the official date of birth of modern field hockey in our country.

The information reopened thanks to archival documents allows - as an option for discussion - to put forward a completely different date for the official international birthday of field hockey in our country - December 1, 1956, when the USSR was officially accepted as a member of the FIH at the Congress in Melbourne ...

When could Soviet field hockey first appear at the Olympic Games of our time - in 1952, 1956 or 1960? Probably, the correct answer would be this: the possibility of the appearance of Soviet grass hockey players was considered in Helsinki (1952), and in Melbourne (1956), and in Rome (1960). The sports leadership of the USSR consistently and systematically led the development of an exotic sport for the Soviet Union, calculating the possible political consequences of the possible failure of the national team at the highest sports competitions.

Official contacts with the International Field Hockey Federation were established in 1949, after the 1948 London Olympics. Under the leadership of the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR with the participation of representatives of the International Management and the USSR Ice Hockey Federation. An objective analysis of the features of the game and the requirements for the players against the background of the ongoing recovery of the country after the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. took the Olympic field hockey tournament in Helsinki in 1952 off the agenda.

The obvious demonstration of the ever-increasing popularity of field hockey in the world at the 1952 Olympics forced the Soviet sports leadership to look again at the possible participation in Olympic starts and entering the international arena. This led to the fact that, after studying the topic with a narrow circle of people, since 1954 the USSR has been taking a whole range of measures designed not only to popularize the Olympic sport in the USSR, but also to prepare a competitive team to participate in the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne.

Among the most important events of this time, it is necessary to name the all-Union gathering of field hockey coaches, which took place in Moscow from May 24 to May 31, 1955.

The biggest milestone is the all-Union tournament of men's teams in field hockey, which took place in the same 1955 in Leningrad, at the Metrostroy stadium - in fact, the first unofficial USSR championship. In 1956, a similar tournament was also held.

In July 1956, the USSR national team played two matches with the Polish national team, which was among the leading in Europe. The matches ended quite well for the debutants - our athletes lost 0: 1 and drew 0: 0. But this, as well as devastating defeats in friendly matches between the best Soviet players and Indian footballers (!), Served to the fact that the top sports leadership decided to postpone the participation of the Soviet national team in major international competitions until better times, not wishing to clearly concede to rivals in the international arena, even in hockey on the grass.

The efforts of the sports leadership of the USSR did not go unnoticed by the FIH, and in 1956 representatives of the Soviet Union were invited to Melbourne to participate in the FIH Congress - already as temporary members. The head of the grass hockey section in May 1956 was Mikhailov - it was in his name that the International Ice Hockey Federation sent official letters. Employees of the Committee for Physical Culture Derzhavin and Smolin took an active part in the development of contacts with the FIH. And N. Semashko was the official representative of the USSR at the historic meeting on December 1, 1956 at the FIC Congress.

Together with the USSR, on December 1, 1956, China (Formosa), Cuba and Indonesia were accepted as official members of the FIH by secret ballot (paragraph 2 of the minutes of the Congress meeting). The acceptance of the GDR was again blocked, as at the congresses of 1952 and 1954. Note that at the same 1956 Congress, Iran was excluded from the FIH because of non-payment of membership dues.

The Congress also supported the holding of a field hockey tournament in the USSR as part of the III World youth games in August 1957.

On December 5, 1956, at a meeting of the FIH Bureau, it was noted that the rules for admitting countries to participate in the Olympic Games, which had been preserved since 1928, had to be changed. To resolve this issue, a special commission was created. Let's pay attention - it was the work of this commission that served as an indirect reason for the USSR's withdrawal from the FIH in 1960.

On February 10, 1957, the USSR Ice Hockey Federation received a letter from the FIH reminding them of the payment of membership fees:

"Mr. President!

The regular FIH Congress, held on December 1, 1956 in Melbourne, set a new amount for the implementation of membership fees: 200 Swiss francs - up to 1000 players in the country; 50 Swiss francs - for each additional 1000 players or part of a thousand; and a maximum of CHF 650 - over 9 thousand players.

We ask you very much to pay by March 31st your 1957 membership fee to the account of the FIH in the Union of Swiss Banks in Geneva ...

We convey to you, Mr. President, our best greetings.

FIC General Secretary Albert Demora. "

On April 8, 1957, the USSR Hockey Section, signed by Chubarov, sent a telegram to A. Demora to Geneva with the following content:

“We confirm receipt of your letter of February 10 this year. We hereby inform you that there are 2000 players in our section. One of these days we will transfer 250 Swiss francs to the account of the International Field Hockey Federation in Geneva as our contribution for 1957, which will come to you as soon as possible. "

On June 26, 1957, the USSR Grass Hockey Section received a letter from the FIH about its readiness to hold a friendly match with one of the FIH representatives in Morocco in November - December 1957. This proposal was rejected by the Soviet side. Also, the planned tournament in the same year of Soviet, Polish and East German teams in Poland did not take place. It seems that the reasons for the refusal were the poor readiness of the USSR hockey players to compete for victory.

Due to poor readiness, Soviet grass hockey players did not take part in hockey tournament III International Youth Games, which was held from 2 to 8 August 1957 in Moscow, on the field of the Dynamo stadium. 8 teams were planned to participate in the tournament, but seven took part - Poland, Japan, East Germany, France, Austria, Finland, Egypt (arranged in the order of occupied places).

At the same time, the tournament was perfectly organized by the Soviet side. All 17 judges of the tournament were Soviet. The Jury of Appeal of the tournament included the honorary general secretary of the FIH R. Frank (Belgium), P. Borst (Germany), I. Zweck (GDR), G. Granaturov (USSR), T. Geret (Austria).

Thus, the Soviet side thoroughly developed field hockey, gaining experience in all areas - from organizing and refereeing international competitions to improving the sports skills of players. The sports community of the country's youngest sport was looking forward to the Olympic debut of the national team.

On August 14, 1959, the International Ice Hockey Federation sent an official letter to the National Olympic Committees of the countries and the National Field Hockey Federations on the rules for participation in the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome. As a result of discussions, an option with the participation of 16 teams was chosen. These included Italy (as host of the 1960 Olympics), four semi-finalists Olympic tournament in Melbourne 1956 (India, Pakistan, Germany, UK) and 11 teams to be selected through qualification.

As noted in the letter to the FIH, “ these teams will be selected in January 1960 from among those that will send preliminary entries and who will be considered the strongest (after qualifying by right), based in particular on their results in international matches or the Olympic Games».

This option did not suit the Soviet side, since the USSR national team did not meet the specified criteria, and the more flexible option of selection through a system of pools of teams of different strengths was rejected.

In September 1959, the Field Hockey Section of the USSR notified the FIH of the withdrawal from the ranks of the International Federation as a disagreement and infringement of the rights of the Soviet side.

Diplomatic negotiations to change the decision lasted six months. On March 29, 1960, the Soviet side reaffirmed its decision to withdraw ...

Mr. Secretary General!

I acknowledge receipt of your letter of March 29, in which you inform me that the USSR Ice Hockey Federation does not want to stay in our International Federation any longer.

We have taken note of the reasons why you made this decision and will ask our Bureau to register your exit at the next meeting.

I want to tell you that we are very sorry about your exit. At the time of your entry in 1956, we hoped that our sport, which is widespread in many countries, will not be delayed in development in your country as well. We also believed in this because we know what importance is attached in your country to many sports related to physical education youth. However, we hope that the withdrawal of the USSR is not final, and that one day we will be able to see you among our members again.

Best wishes for the prosperity and success of our sport, please accept our best feelings.

Rene Frank,
Honorary Secretary General of the FIH»

On April 19, 1960, on a letter from the FIH, a visa was issued: “Report to Romanov”. On April 22, a visa appeared on the document of the very chairman of the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Nikolai Nikolayevich Romanov: "To the point."

So field hockey was postponed "in business" until the best Olympic times. Those times came in 1968, when preparations began to nominate Moscow as the capital of the 1976 Summer Olympics. But this is a completely different, no less interesting story ...

From August 25 to September 11, 1960, the XVII Olympic Games were held in Rome. V team standings the USSR national team won a landslide victory, winning 103 medals (43 gold, 29 silver, 31 bronze) and far ahead of the national teams of the USA (71 medals) and Italy (36 medals).

The field hockey tournament was attended by 16 countries, which are located in the final protocol in the following order: 1. Pakistan; 2. India; 3. Spain; 4. Great Britain; 5. New Zealand; 6. Australia; 7. Kenya; 8. The united team of Germany; 9. Netherlands; 10. France; 11. Belgium; 12. Poland; 13. Italy; 14. Japan; 15. Switzerland; 16. Denmark.

Without a doubt, the position of refusing to participate in the activities of the FIH was coordinated in the USSR by the Soviet sports leadership at the highest political level.

This is not to say that the decision on a demonstrative exit from the FIC was emotional and made "suddenly" - this is far from the case. The USSR rightfully perceived itself as a great sports power and demanded a certain amount of attention to itself in a particular sport, which was relatively new for it, but which developed at a fairly good pace. Only the obvious disregard by the FIH of the undisguised incentives of the USSR to develop field hockey in the form of a bonus (participation in the Games in Rome in 1960) led to a gradual cooling of relations between the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports and the International Field Hockey Federation.

Another negative factor in this situation was the internal one: on March 1, 1959, the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports was abolished. The Central Sports Department ceased to exist, and the management of physical culture and sports work in the country was entrusted to public organizations, in particular, to the Union of Sports Societies and Organizations of the USSR, created at the founding Plenum on April 18, 1959. All this led to a change of specific people and fatal delays in correspondence with the FIH regarding participation in the 1960 Games. And to accuse the International Field Hockey Federation of bias or incorrectness, in our opinion, is unfair.

It is no coincidence that after a whole decade, “due to the inability public organizations to establish normal work in the sports sphere ", by the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 826 of October 17, 1968, the Union-Republican Committee on physical culture and sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. It is natural that after this there will be a new return to the revival of domestic field hockey, the renewal of contacts with the FIH.

It should be especially emphasized that the FIH gladly responded to the proposal to restore the USSR Field Hockey Federation in its ranks, which systematically happened in 1969 - 1970 - already in 1970 Soviet grass hockey players officially debuted at the first ever European Championship. And - attention! - hockey players of the USSR were invited to the FIH tournament without any sports selection.

In the author's opinion, despite the controversy of the decision taken in 1960 to withdraw from the International Ice Hockey Federation as a result of infringement of the rights of the Soviet side, it is necessary to perceive this historical fact cautiously - a great sports power - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) - rigidly and uncompromisingly defended its sports and political interests. Alas, this is sorely lacking in protecting national sports interests at the present stage. Olympic history these days…

Thus, the author believes that in the 1960s, field hockey in our country did not disappear and did not disappear - due to organizational issues, it simply found itself in the shadow of the USSR Ice Hockey Federation and Soviet ice hockey, which reached the world level in the 1960s. recognition. But there was also Russian hockey - bandy!

Enthusiasts and adherents of field hockey did not disappear anywhere - they were simply ridiculed and ignored by their colleagues in the "hockey workshop", and funding for the "western sport" was simply not allocated within the federation. The 1960s are the period of the "dark ages" of domestic field hockey. This happens when some historical event or people are simply deleted by representatives of the party that is in power at a particular period in history.

It is very important to emphasize that it was the coaches and judges of grass hockey, trained in the 1950s (including Major of the Soviet Army Vladimir Menshikov (1955), who became the head coach of the USSR national team in 1969), who played a leading role in the revival of field hockey. in our country on a new round of history.

In our opinion, the state of field hockey in the USSR in the 1960s must be assessed as anabiotic - caused by a temporary slowdown or even cessation of life processes in the country's sports organism in a particular sport under the influence of internal factors.

The author adheres to the point of view that it is December 1, 1956 that should be considered as the official date for the entry of domestic hockey into the international hockey movement and invites veterans and fans of domestic field hockey to express their own opinion on this issue.

P.S. In preparing this material, documents from the State Archives were used Russian Federation(GARF). Visual confirmation of the materials presented in this publication will be offered to the attention of readers on our website after March 16, after the official copies of the documents are received. Archival research continues.

Alexey Loginov, press service of the FHTR

There are also ice hockey competitions at the Summer Olympics, but only on grass. Honestly, I never saw them, even while watching the Athens Olympics. It may not have been shown.

Field hockey - hockey - from the English hockey, possibly from the old French hoquet - a shepherd's staff with a hook. Modern field hockey as a sport originated in the 19th century in England. In the same place, in the early 60s of the 19th century, hockey clubs began to be created. The first of these, Blackheath, was organized in 1861 in London.

In 1875, the London Field Hockey Association formulated the first set of rules for this game. When the National Field Hockey Association was created in England in 1886, its uniform rules were adopted.

At the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century. field hockey, which developed in England, Ireland, Wales, becomes famous and gains popularity in continental Europe, including the Netherlands, France, Germany, Denmark, Czechoslovakia and some other countries, where national federations, associations or clubs cultivating this kind of sport, as well as in India, Canada, USA.

The International Field Hockey Federation FIH was founded in 1924.
Field hockey has been included in the program of the Olympic Games since 1908 - men's teams, and since 1980 - women's teams. Field hockey was absent from the programs of the two Olympics - 1912 and 1924.

Field hockey is the only sport for which India has Olympic gold medals.

In 2004, the Australian team won gold among men's teams, and Germany - among women.

Rules.

Hockey is played by two teams of 11 players. The goal of the game is to drive the ball into the opponent's goal. The team with the most goals in two 35-minute halves wins.
Players other than the goalkeeper may only hit the ball with clubs and may be penalized for playing with their feet or other body parts. Wooden hooks should be flat on one side and rounded on the other. Players can only hit the ball with the flat side. The goalkeeper can use any part of his body to protect the goal from the ball while he (she) is in the goalkeeper's area.

A dangerous game.
Since the hockey ball weighs 156-163 g and is 224-235 mm in diameter, and the clubs themselves can be dangerous, players are not allowed to raise their clubs above their heads and use them, creating conditions for a dangerous game. Most importantly, athletes should not send the ball into the air, except in scoring situations. The level of danger for each ball lifted off the ground is determined by the official referees.
Unlike many other sports, field hockey players cannot use their body or stick to defend or prevent other players from hitting the ball. By doing so or physically interfering with other players, the athlete is breaking the rules.

Other rules.

• if the goalkeeper lays down on the ball, it is considered a violation;
• in case of deliberate attack, bad behavior or dangerous play, the athlete may be warned with a green card, fined with a yellow card for five minutes, or sent off from the field with a red card;
• a player warned by a yellow card can later return to the game;
• the game is controlled by two referees, one in each half of the field.

Field.
The hockey field is 91.4 m long and 55 m wide. The center line divides it in two. At each end of the field there is an arc that runs 14.6 m from the goal and denotes an area called the "goal zone". The gate is 3.66 m wide and 2.14 m high.

Qualification.
Acting Olympic champion and the home team are automatically included in the competition. The rest of the participants are qualified according to the results of the regional qualifying competitions. One team each from Europe, America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. The remaining teams are qualified by the results of the Olympic qualifying rounds.