We owe the appearance of this game to the American city of Springfield from Massachusetts (USA) and its resident - a teacher of the College of the Youth Christian Association (MLA) James Naismith, who made a "gate" from two fruit-picking baskets and divided his students into two teams, explaining to them that the object of the game is to throw the ball into the basket. He did this in order to diversify boring lessons in physical fitness... It happened on December 21, 1891, it is this date that is considered the beginning of history " best game with a ball". The game only vaguely resembled modern basketball, since initially there was no such effective dribbling, and the players, standing still and throwing the ball to each other, tried to throw it into the basket with only two hands. It is also interesting that the basket was really a basket, so in case of a successful hit by a shell, one of the students took the ladder and took the ball out of the basket.
One of the Greatest Basketball Players in History - # 23 Chicago Bulls Michael Jordan
When the game spread to other educational institutions in the US and Canada, the MLA College took over the responsibility of regulating the rules and popularizing the game, becoming a kind of sports organization. The National Basketball League was formed in 1898, but it lasted only five years.
Professional teams began to form in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century, their number numbered several hundred, but they were not organized into any professional leagues, since at that time there was no body controlling professional basketball life.
Despite the fact that the Americans are the founders of basketball, the creation of the first international organization did without them, the founders of the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) in 1932 were Argentina, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Latvia, Switzerland, Portugal and Romania.
Olympic basketball
The first appearance of basketball at the Olympics dates back to 1904, when demonstration performances were held, and as a full-fledged type of the Olympic program - from the competition at the games in Berlin in 1936 and has been constant since then Olympic view... The women's tournament was included in the Olympic program in 1972, during the games in Munich, and the competition was held four years later in Montreal.
The US men's team is a 14-time Olympic champion, being left without gold in only four Olympiads: Munich 1972 (silver medal), Moscow 1980 (did not come because of the boycott), Seoul 1988 (bronze medal) and Athens 2004 ( silver medal). On the account of the USSR national team 2 "Gold": in Munich (victory over the USA in the final) and in Seoul; 4 "silver" and three "bronze". The Russian national team has only one bronze medal in London.
The Russian men's team is a bronze medalist of the London Olympics
The US women's team has won 7 gold medals and one silver and one bronze. The USSR national team has two gold and one bronze medal, in addition, the CIS national team took gold at the games in Barcelona, in Russian history the Russian national team was limited to two bronze medals.
Basketball. The most complete and recent results of all Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro in basketball (Olympic Games OI-2016) for men and women.
You are in the online section of the site "Basketball. Live results of the 2016 Olympics ”. In this live section of the Summer Olympics, you can always get the most full information and online basketball results of all meetings between the teams participating in the main sporting event of the four-year period. Results of all basketball rounds in the framework of the Olympic Games in Rio, quarter finals, semifinals and finals of the 2016 Olympics, the position of teams in each of the groups "A", "B" ..., the score of all matches and basketball games between all rivals of the Games in Brazil, always online date and time of the start of live broadcasts, with statistics of meetings at home and away. Our site contains the schedule, calendar and sports results of all Olympic basketball competitions. The schedule of matches shows Moscow time. All Olympic Basketball results are displayed online in real time, so you have the most accurate and reliable Summer Olympics live scores. As the game progresses live, the results tables on the site are instantly changed and updated. And, literally, seconds after the final whistle, as quickly as possible, in full, the results of each game of the Olympics in Rio de Janeiro are published, which allows basketball fans and fans to be aware of all the sporting events of the current summer games!
For the convenience of fans, in all statistical tables of results, we have highlighted the Russian national basketball team and its players, which clearly shows its position in the Olympic tournament. Additionally, in the "Basketball News" and "Basketball Statistics" sections, you can find all the news, analytics, medals, expert opinions, sports reviews and the results of sports meetings of both the main sports events of 2016 and all other events of this season. Watching basketball at the Summer Olympics in South America online and watching the results of basketball, all meetings of the Olympic teams in real time are the realities and requirements of a modern basketball fan. We are discussing results of the 2016 Olympics, we read sports news, sum up the results, give predictions, place bets on basketball teams that will reach the semifinals and finals of OI-2016, write creative emotional blogs, comment on matches, count medals, analyze games, draw conclusions and, of course, cheer for ours ! Go Russia!
Now a little about the main sporting event of 2016. Summer Olympic Games (Summer Olympics) are traditionally held once every four years, this is the 31st olympic tournament starting in 1896. The full official name of the championship " Summer Olympics in Brazil(Summer Olympic Games Brazil 2016) ". This global world tournament is organized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). In 2016, the world sports championship will be held in Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Brazil. The Russian national team is among the favorites of the Brazilian games. The Russian national team is considered one of the strongest at the upcoming Olympics, along with the teams from the USA, China, Germany, Italy. In certain sports disciplines Russians are traditionally successful. Therefore, Russia can safely count on medals in fencing, swimming, shooting, tennis - these are sports where the Russian team predicts to win medals in Rio 2016. The Russians are the undisputed favorites of the 2016 Olympic Games in synchronized swimming and rhythmic gymnastics... Sports experts predict that Russia will have medals for the 2016 Games in single combats: freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling, judo, boxing. Representatives of team sports do not plan to leave South America without awards and medals: basketball, volleyball, handball and water polo. Many medals could be expected from athletes, especially in race walking, running, high jumping with and without a pole, weightlifting ..., but the doping scandals and politics did their job, the Russians were banned from performing in these medal-intensive events.
For us, the fans, it remains to follow the results of the basketball competitions, to experience and actively support our favorite athletes, to rejoice at their victories, of which we hope there will be many. Go Russia! We cheer for ours!
Basketball players are richer olympic history than basketball players. The competitions in Montreal took place exactly forty years after the first rally of basketball Olympians, and the Moscow tournament in 1980 will be the anniversary - the tenth in a row Olympic competition basketball players.
Let's remember brief history men's Olympic tournaments. The first of them, as you know, took place at the XI Olympiad in Berlin in 1936 and ended with the victory of the US team. In the final, she beat the Canadian team with a "record score" - 18: 8.
At the next Olympic Games in London in 1948, the US basketball players won again. But their rival in the decisive battle was already the European team - the French team, which won the silver. The London tournament showed the increased class of play for most European teams.
For the first time, athletes from the Soviet Union took part in the basketball competitions of the XV Olympic Games in 1952 in Helsinki. Our team played the preliminary games without defeat, and the first rivals of the USSR national team in the semifinal group were US basketball players. The main "trump card" of the Americans were the giant athletes (R. Kurlyand - 213 cm, M. Freiberger - 210 cm, K. Lovelett - 209 cm), who had not only exceptional natural data, but also excellent technical training. It was difficult for Soviet basketball players to fight tall rivals, and they lost - 58: 86. Subsequently, the USSR national team won convincing victories over the teams of Brazil, Chile and Uruguay and reached the final.
V decisive match for gold medals, Soviet athletes again met with the US team. The Americans won again, but this time with great difficulty - 36: 25. Thus, for the first time participating in the Olympic Games, the basketball players of the USSR won silver medals in the fight against the strongest teams in the world.
At the three subsequent Olympiads, the basketball players of the USSR were still inferior to their main competitors in the fight for gold medals - the basketball players of the United States and were content with the second place. In 1968, the USSR national team won bronze, losing the semifinal match to the Yugoslavs. Exactly the same story (as they say, "word for word") happened with the Soviet team and in Montreal on XXI Olympic games of 1976: loss to the Yugoslavian team in the semifinals and third place in the final table of the tournament.
With the ball, the captain of CSKA and the USSR national team Sergei Belov is an excellent "technician" and tactician "of basketball.
CSKA player Ivan Edeshko is always swift, always aimed at the opponent's ring
In the final duel at the Munich tournament in 1972, old rivals - Soviet and American basketball players - met again. Basketball players in scarlet T-shirts played this match in a highly businesslike manner. I will not describe in detail the course of the meeting, I will only say that the USSR national team was leading in the score from the first to the fortieth minute of the match. Only at the end of this very minute, the US athletes managed to come out ahead for some two and a half - three seconds, after which the Soviet Union team made a decisive throw and deservedly won. And now a few words to the Olympic champion Sergey Belov: “We got confidence in the victory over the US team after we saw the meeting of the Americans with the Brazilian national team, which acted very successfully. But before we were sure that we could seriously argue with American basketball players. The entire course of the final match justified our calculations.
The feeling of success did not leave us even in the last critical moments. Before that, we had already achieved a noticeable advantage in points. And the win, as the chess players say, was a matter of technique. Well, probably, they calmed down a little ahead of time. Even when, three seconds before the end of the match, the Americans took the lead by one point, I was personally sure of victory, and then, as if in confirmation of this, the decisive throw of Alexander Belov followed. By the way, there was nothing supernatural in the one-move combination across the entire Edeshko - Belov field, as it might have seemed to someone. It was quite a logical decision following from the game situation. "
- In connection with this magnificent victory, I would like to recall one episode, - Pivot smiled. - After the final match of the USSR and USA national teams in 1952 in Helsinki, the head coach of our team, Spandaryan, was asked at a press conference whether the USSR team would be able to throw the glove to American basketball players. fight for Olympic gold medals!
“We have already abandoned her,” Stepan Surenovich replied. There is a good saying: "Appetite comes with eating." Here in Helsinki we not only play, but also dream. We dream of the days when we can be the first. "
The hall began to hum. Some of the American correspondents shouted in Russian: "Well, this is too much!" Spandaryan raised his hand and waited. His rare equanimity eventually calmed the audience. And then he uttered the words that were printed in almost all sports newspapers in the world: “Don't worry, gentlemen! You have every right to disbelieve what I have told you. But my job was to warn you about the seriousness of the intentions of Soviet basketball. "
Basketball is currently one of the most popular sports. The number of officially registered players worldwide exceeds 200 million. The International Basketball Federation (FIBA) in 2002 included 173 countries.
Regular basketball lessons improve coordination of movements, train the respiratory and circulatory organs, develop muscles, and strengthen the nervous system. In many countries around the world, basketball classes are included in the physical training program for students in secondary schools and higher education institutions.
Rules of the game.
The game is played on a rectangular ground 28 m long and 15 m wide (earlier its dimensions were 26ґ14 m, respectively) with a special ball.
The mass of the ball is 567–650 grams, the circumference is 749–780 mm (in the games of men's teams; in the games of women's teams, balls of smaller sizes are used, and even less in mini-basketball matches). There are two types of basketballs: indoor-only and multi-purpose, i.e. suitable for use both indoors and outdoors (indoor / outdoor). The basket (a metal ring with a diameter of 45 cm with a net stretched on it without a bottom) is fixed at a height of 3.05 m on a backboard mounted on a stand parallel to the front lines of the site.
Until the late 1960s, official competitions were held both outdoors and in gyms. Since 1968, all official matches have been held indoors only. The largest basketball tournaments are usually held in halls with a height of at least 7 meters.
The match starts in the center of the court. The referee throws the ball straight up between the two opposing players. The moment they touch the ball (you cannot take the ball into your hands), the playing time begins. After each whistle from the referee, the stopwatch stops and starts again with the restart of the game. (Accordingly, in basketball, a distinction is made between "live ball" and "dead ball".) The time is recorded by the referee-timekeeper. Previously, matches under the auspices of the International Amateur Basketball Federation (FIBA) consisted of 2 halves of 20 minutes of net playing time. According to the new rules, adopted in 2000, the match consists of four halves of 10 m of net time each (in the NBA - of four halves of 12 m) with 2-minute breaks between the first and second, third and fourth halves, a break in the middle of the match - 15 m.
Previously, a player could have unlimited possession of the ball. In the 1960s, a 30-second (FIBA) and 24-second (NBA) limit was introduced: after the limit, the team loses the ball. According to the 2000 FIBA rules, teams are also given no more than 24 seconds to attack. The judging panel includes a so-called 24-second operator who monitors compliance with this rule. In addition, there are also the “rule of three seconds” (this is how long a player of the attacking team can be in the opponent’s limited zone, which is sometimes called the “3-second zone”) and the “rule of eight seconds” (during this time, the team that got possession of the ball in his own half of the court, should transfer him from the backcourt to the frontcourt).
There are no draws in basketball. If at the end of the regular time of the match the score turns out to be equal, an additional 5-minute time is assigned - overtime. If in overtime none of the teams achieves a victory, another additional five-minute is appointed, etc. An exception is possible if the teams, according to the competition regulations, hold paired matches (according to the so-called cup system): then a draw can be counted in the first match, and the winner in a pair is determined by the results of the second game.
An accurate shot into the basket from a position behind the arc, held at a distance of 6.25 m from the backboard (in the NBA - 7.27 m), is estimated at three points. This arc is also called the "three-point line". All other throws (including from under the shield) are estimated at two points. If the ball is thrown into the basket, but the opposing team blocks (intercepts or hits) it directly above the basket, the points will be scored as if the throw had reached the goal. Often the referees have to play a held ball during the game. The ball is considered a dropped ball in the following cases: if two opponents have a firm grip on the ball and neither of them can get hold of it without breaking the rules; if the ball went out of bounds from two players of different teams (or the referee could not determine exactly which player touched the ball last); if the ball gets stuck between the backboard and the ring, etc. Depending on the situation, a held ball can be played either between the direct participants in the "dispute", or between any two players of the opposing teams. A dropped ball cannot be substituted.
Basketball rules have a few restrictions on dribbling technique. After dribbling, a player can only take two steps with the ball in hand without hitting the floor. Then he must either throw the ball into the ring, or give it to a partner. In the case of the third step, a run is called and the ball goes to the other team. If the basketball player stops with the ball in his hands and instead of throwing it into the basket or passing to the partner starts dribbling again, a double dribble is recorded and the ball also goes to the opponent. The player in possession of the ball may stop and then continue moving, provided that, during the stop, he continues to tap the ball on the floor. The ball in basketball can be dribbled alternately with one or the other hand, but not with both hands at once. If a player receives the ball while standing still, or stops after receiving the ball, he is not allowed to lift his pivot foot off the floor before he releases the ball from his hands.
Five players from each team play on the court at the same time, another five to seven basketball players are on the bench during the game. The number of substitutions in basketball is not limited, but they can be carried out only at the moment when the stopwatch is stopped.
According to FIBA rules, in official competitions, players perform under numbers from 4 to 15. The numbers "1", "2" and "3" are not currently used as numbers. Among the special gestures used by the referees during the match, there are gestures with these numbers: for example, when the referee points out a violation of the “three seconds rule” or indicates how many free throws a player of the injured team must take. Likewise, on his fingers, the referee shows the match secretary the player's number, which is punished with a personal remark. In order to avoid confusion, it was decided to abolish numbers 1, 2 and 3.
Basketball rules prohibit hitting an opponent on the hands, pushing him, holding him with his hands, stepping on his feet, meeting with his leg (both straight and bent at the knee). A player who commits any of these violations is declared a personal penalty (foul). If an athlete receives five fouls during the match (in the NBA - six), he is removed from the field before the end of the meeting and replaced with one of the substitutes.
A double foul is declared when the players of both teams simultaneously violate the rules: both basketball players receive personal comments, and the ball remains with the team that was in possession of it at the time of the violation, or a held ball is played. There are also: technical fouls (for unsportsmanlike behavior, such a punishment can be imposed not only on basketball players on the court, but also the coach and substitutes for a dispute with a referee, an attempt to start a brawl, etc.), an intentional foul (in particular , for rough play or deliberate mistake in a game situation, fraught with scoring the ball), etc.
The most severe penalty in basketball is the so-called disqualifying foul. He is declared for a serious violation and entails the disqualification of the player and his removal from the court until the end of the game, regardless of the number of fouls he already had (another basketball player comes to replace him).
If a personal foul was committed in relation to the player who made a throw on the ring, or a technical foul was called, the referee, in addition to a personal remark to the offending player, also assigns free throws. Depending on the nature of the violation, the throws are made either by the victim himself or by one of his teammates. Free throws are made from a special point 6 m from the shield. Each shot is worth a point, so two free throws can score two points.
In modern basketball rules, there are items such as "a game lost due to a lack of players" (a team is lost if only one player remains in its composition) and a "game lost by forfeiture" (in a situation where the team refuses to start - or continue - play after the corresponding signal from the referee).
At the very beginning, basketball had only 13 rules, now there are more than 200 of them. They are periodically reviewed by the FIBA World Technical Commission and then approved by the Federation's Central Bureau. Their last major revision took place in May 2000.
The rules define only the basic principles of the game; they cannot provide for all possible game situations. In addition to the set of the rules themselves, there are also their official interpretations, which stipulate the possible interpretation of the rules in various controversial points... The match referee has the right to make an independent decision in situations that are not specified in the rules.
All official international competitions are governed by the rules approved by FIBA. They are somewhat different from the NBA rules.
Technique and tactics of the game.
In modern basketball, the following game roles are distinguished: point guard defender; attacking defender, light and heavy forwards, and center (or center).
The point guard is also called the “playmaker” or “conductor”. The point guards have the most possession of the ball and play the whole team. They are required to have a great vision of the court, filigree dribbling and subtle passing game. Attacking defenders not only begin the attack of their team, but often end it with long-range throws. Forwards usually attack from the edge of the court, while centers usually attack from close range. Center-forwards, as a rule, are the tallest players in the team, their main function is to fight under their own and other people's shields.
The center's role has acquired a truly cult status over time. One of the strongest in the world has always been the Soviet school of centers, which gave the world such outstanding players as Otar Korkia, Janis Krumins, Alexander Belov, Vladimir Tkachenko, Arvydas Sabonis, etc.
Nowadays, basketball masters are extremely valued, who, if necessary, can play not only in their position. The concept of a "team player" is also very important. Legendary center Bill Russell's dedication to team play has allowed him to lead the Boston Celtics to the NBA Championship 11 times. His eternal rival Wilt Chamberlain (Philadelphia Warriors) was not inferior in class to Russell, but he preferred to play “for himself” rather than “for the team”, and in the end he only became an NBA champion once.
Depending on how the game is going, the coach may at some point make changes to the usual tactical formation (the standard is considered to be a 2-1-2 “scheme”): for example, put two or three centers on the court at the same time. The success of a team is determined not only by the individual skill of the players, but also by the correctly chosen tactics. A classic example is the final of the 1972 Olympic tournament. Realizing that his players are inferior to US basketball players in their playing condition and physical data, head coach For the USSR national team, Vladimir Kondrashin built a game from defense, imposed "his own basketball" on the opponent, which ultimately brought success to the Soviet team.
In basketball, there are zone and personal (personal) defense. In the first case, each of the players takes care of any opponent who is in the area (zone) of the court allocated to him. With personal protection, each basketball player takes care of "his" player. The so-called pressure is extremely effective - an active type of defense, in which opponents are guarded not only in the immediate vicinity of their shield, but also on the distant approaches to it, sometimes across the entire court. The purpose of the pressure is to prevent the opponent from playing the ball and attacking.
Of particular importance in modern basketball is wrestling under the shield. The famous basketball commandment says: "Whoever wins the backboard wins the match," and one of the main statistical indicators of a basketball player's play - whether it be a single match or an entire season - is the number of so-called rebounds and block shots.
A player's individual skill is made up of many components. Dribbling, i.e. dribbling the ball, including without visual control, which allows the player to instantly assess the changing situation on the court. Various feints misleading the opponent: deceiving movement with the ball, arms, legs, whole body, turning the head, looking, etc. Playing in pass... Especially appreciated is the so-called hidden pass - passing the ball without looking at the partner to whom it is addressed. Another technique from the arsenal of basketball masters is a pass from behind (holding the ball behind his back, the player throws it over his partner's head). Throws in basketball, they are carried out both from a place and in motion. There are many varieties of them: a jump throw, a hook throw (the hand of a player standing sideways to the opponent's basket moves in an imaginary arc), a throw into the basket from above, etc. Along with the ball handling technique in basketball, it is extremely important to play correctly without the ball ...
Basketball technology has evolved over the decades. For example, at the end of the 19th century. the players passed to each other with only two hands from the chest, and the throw was made in the same way or “from under themselves”. Such a seemingly natural technique as throwing the ball with one hand was first applied only in the 1930s and revolutionized the game.
When there was no time limit for attack, basketball was a very slow game. This is also confirmed by the "microscopic" results of the matches, which often did not go beyond 15–20 points on each side. For basketball of the beginning and middle of the last century, a leisurely rally of the ball was characteristic, and the success of the team was largely determined by the individual actions of the leading players. As a rule, these were the tallest athletes. For a long time, basketball was considered exclusively the sport of giants. There are really a lot of them among the former and current "stars" of basketball. For example, the tallest athletes in the history of Soviet basketball had incredible growth: the player of the Alma-Ata “Petrel” Uvais Akhtaev - 238 cm, and the player for the Kuibyshev “Builder” Alexander Sizonenko - 239 cm. But over time, a noticeable influence on the game began to be exerted also less tall players, who are called "babies" in basketball. They are extremely agile, hardy and have an excellent reaction. The famous Bob Cosey compensated for the lack of basketball growth with filigree technique, for his masterful dribbling and passing he was nicknamed "Basketball court Houdini" and "Nimble wizard". Michael Jordan, considered the best basketball player of all time, is not a giant by basketball standards either: his height is “only” 198 cm. Nevertheless, he fought on equal terms with taller rivals and for his incredible “flights” over the court received the nickname “Their Air ".
Prior to the adoption of the 3-second rule, the attack was often built according to a very simple tactical scheme: the tallest player of the attacking team was located in the immediate vicinity of the opponent's ring and, in the end, having received the ball, sent it to the basket. The introduction of the "rule of 3 seconds" forced basketball players to look for other options for developing an attack, more actively using medium and long throws. And with the introduction of a 24-second restriction on attack and a ban on returning the ball to its backcourt, the pace of the game noticeably increased, the passing game became of great importance, the technique and sniper qualities of the players began to be valued no less than their growth.
Sometimes even non-compliance with the rules is used as a tactical technique. For example, the losing team at the end of the match deliberately breaks the rules: thanks to rebounds and subsequent skillful counterattacks, it can change the score in its favor. Likewise, the leading team may refuse free throws at the end of the match and put the ball into play from the sideline (such a “substitution” is allowed by the rules). This allows the team to gain time and keep the winning score.
From the history of basketball.
Descriptions of games reminiscent of modern basketball are found among the ancient Normans and in many "pre-Columbian America" cultures. A modernized version of one of these games - pok-ta-pok, which was once a religious rite, is still found in the northern states of Mexico as sports entertainment and an attraction for tourists.
Among the immediate predecessors of basketball, basketball, which was widespread in the 19th century, is often called. in some countries, the children's game “duck on a rock,” with which James Naismith (1861–1939) was familiar: tossing a small stone, the player had to hit the top of another, larger stone. According to the biographers of Naismith, it was at the time of playing "duck on the rock" in the head of young James, in general terms, the "concept of basketball." She finally matured when Dr. Naismith began teaching anatomy and physical education at the YMCA International Youth Training College in Springfield, Massachusetts. Naismith noticed that winter gymnastics classes seemed too monotonous for students, and decided to engage them with some new mobile game of agility and coordination, which could be carried out indoors - and relatively small in size. At different ends of the sports hall, two fruit baskets were attached to the balcony that encircled it around the perimeter (hence the name of the new game) from under the fruit (the height from the floor to the edge of the balcony turned out to be 3 m 5 cm, hence the standard , which is maintained to this day on all basketball courts in the world). The students had to hit the basket with the ball. This is how basketball was born.
The first officially registered basketball game took place in December 1891. It was not quite usual for us. So, in Naismith's teams there were 9 people each (the doctor simply divided the group of his students equally), and they played with a soccer ball.
News of a new sports game flew all over America, and soon many letters began to arrive at the college where Naismith taught, the authors of which asked to send them the rules of the game.
In 1892 the first Basketball Rules Book, which contained 13 points, many of which are valid to this day. Although in some ways the "rules of Naismith" differ from modern ones. For example, the match consisted of two halves of 15 meters each. Dribbling was not allowed by the rules of early basketball: it was only possible to move around the court without the ball, and having received it, the player had to stop and either pass the ball to a partner or throw it into the basket. The number of players in the team was arbitrary - "from two to forty" (but always equal to the number of players in the opposing team). The player with the ball could not be attacked - you could only prevent him from disposing of the ball (jumping up, swinging his arms and other similar techniques). In case of violation of this rule, a foul was recorded, a repeated foul led to the disqualification of the offender - until the ball was scored. Three fouls in a row, committed by any team, were recorded as a "goal" in its basket, provided that the opponents themselves did not commit a single foul during this time. At one time, the team included a goalkeeper who was guarding the basket, and there was no basketball backboard behind the basket itself.
The game was rapidly gaining popularity. Already at the end of the 19th century. competitions were regularly held between teams from different cities and student campuses. Amateur leagues sprang up. In 1896, a basketball match was held in the small American town of Trenton, the winning team of which received a monetary reward. This is how one of the phenomena of the 20th century was born. - professional basketball.
In 1898, the first professional association of teams, the National Basketball League (NBL), was created. Having existed for five seasons, it has split into several independent leagues.
Around the same time, one of the regional branches of the YMCA created its own basketball league. The success of the undertaking was tremendous. The YMCA executives feared that this venture could discourage their students from interest in gymnastics - the number one sport in the Association - and disbanded the league. And thus contributed to the further popularization of basketball: the players of the disbanded league decided to make a living with their basketball skills. In the American province, one after another, new professional basketball leagues began to appear. And in 1914 the first basketball team was formed in a large city. Today it is known all over the world under the name "Boston Celtics".
NBA (National Basketball Association).
At the beginning of the 20th century. American blacks were prohibited from playing for or against white basketball teams, although amateur basketball was then cultivated mainly in New York's “black” Harlem and the black ghettos of other major US cities. For a long time, professional team managers ignored the black giant players, demonstrating incredible technique thanks to their natural flexibility and jumping ability.
In 1922, the first professional team made up entirely of black players, the New York Renaissance (or simply Rens), was created in Harlem. Black basketball players easily beat white student teams. In 1927, the historic meeting of the New York Renaissance with the Bolton Celtics took place. A series of seven matches ended in a draw (the teams won three wins each and drew one game, which was then allowed by the rules). After a short time, no one in America would dare to claim that basketball is a "white-only" sport.
A little earlier, in 1925, another attempt was made to unite in the framework of the national championship numerous teams scattered throughout the country - the American Basketball League (ABL) was created. However, with the onset of the Great Depression, the League had to close. Its former players have staged a real "basketball tour" throughout the country. They played a few demonstration matches in some small town, and then went to the next one. This "educational raid" did its job: student basketball began to develop at a rapid pace, which in the future was destined to become a true source of raw materials for the NBA.
In 1937 the National Basketball League (NBL) was recreated. But World War II soon began, and most of the players were drafted into the army. And after the war, the NBL was seriously competing with a new organization - the Basketball Association of America (BAA), created by a native of Russia named Maurice Podolov.
Initially, the BAA consisted of 11 clubs. The first match took place on November 1, 1946, and the Philadelphia Warriors (now the Golden State Warriors) became the first champion of the Association. The championship was organized so clearly, and the interest in it was so great that the best NBL players began to move to the BAA in droves, and in the end the League ceased to exist. From now on, only one organization remained in America, uniting all professional teams. After some time, she changed her name to the NBA, now known to basketball fans all over the world.
At the time of the founding of the NBA, basketball in America was far from the most popular sport. But the number of his supporters grew steadily, and in the late 1970s the NBA reached an unprecedented heyday. Today, the NBA championship is, in fact, a club world championship among professionals, although formally only 27 American teams and two Canadian clubs that joined them in 1995 participate in it. These teams are divided, according to tradition, into the Western and Eastern Conferences, and those, in turn, into two divisions: Pacific and Midwest (Western Conference), Atlantic and Central (Eastern Conference). Each of the teams plays 82 matches in the regular season. Then a series of playoff games begins. In each of the conferences, the eight strongest clubs are determined, which, according to a complex seeding system, play each other up to three victories (in the quarterfinals) and up to four victories in the semi-finals and the final. In a series of final matches between the winners of the conferences, the next NBA champion is determined, receiving the main prize of the Association - the Golden Basket.
The season is crowned by the All-Star Weekend, the program of which, in addition to the match between the national teams of the Eastern and Western Conferences (the first such match was played back in 1951), also includes a rookie match, a competition for 3-point shots and overhead shots.
The NBA is currently considered the most successful professional sports organization in the world. The NBA leadership strives to maintain interest in the Association championship through all kinds of organizational measures. One of them is the draft system that was established back in the 1940s. Every year, clubs add newcomers to their ranks, with the draft scheme being such that the weakest club at the moment has a better chance of acquiring the strongest rookie basketball player. According to modern rules, players who are over 18 years old can participate in the draft.
The most titled club in the NBA is the Boston Celtics, which have won the league title 16 times. And the most titled player is Bill Russell. Very scrupulously recorded by experts from the NBA and others individual achievements players. For example, Wilt Chamberlain holds, among others, records for the number of points scored in one match (100) and for the number of rebounds per game (55). And Karim Abdul-Jabbar (another legendary basketball player who before converting to Islam was named Lewis Alcindor) spent the most games in the history of the League (1560) and scored the most points (38 387) during his 20 years in the NBA.
In 1997 in the United States, following the example of the NBA, the Women's National Basketball Association was created. (The first such attempt was made in the 1970s, but the then created Women's Professional Basketball League lasted only three seasons and collapsed).
International basketball competition.
In June 1932 in Geneva was created International Federation basketball - FIBB, later renamed FIBA.
In 1935, in the same place, in Geneva, the first European Championship was held, the winner of which was the national team of Latvia. The women's European tournament debuted three years later. The first champions of the continent were Italian basketball players. Now the European championships are held every two years. Most often, Soviet teams won them: men's - 14 times, women's - 20.
The world championships for men's teams have been held since 1950, for women - since 1953. The first world champions in history were, respectively, the national team of Argentina and the national team of the United States. Currently, the world championship is played every 4 years. The USSR team, like the national team of Yugoslavia, won world gold three times (1967, 1974 and 1982). Soviet basketball players became the first 6 times. FIBA also hosts world championships for juniors and juniors and for men under the age of 22. In addition, the official FIBA calendar includes a number of competitions, including regional ones, both among national teams and among clubs.
Basketball at the Olympic Games.
At the III Olympics in St. Louis and at the IX Olympic Games in Amsterdam, demonstration basketball matches were held with the participation of American athletes. The Olympic debut of men's basketball took place at the 1936 Games in Berlin, where Dr. Naismith was the guest of honor. The basketball tournament has attracted a lot of attention. National teams from 21 countries took part in it. The victory was won by the American team. The USA national team won all Olympic tournaments, without exception, up to 1972, while winning 63 matches and not losing a single one. In the dramatic final of the Munich Olympics, the previously unbeaten Americans lost to the USSR national team. In 1976 and 1984, the Americans were again the first. At the Olympic tournament in Moscow, the Yugoslav national team took the lead. In 1988 basketball players of the USSR became the first again. Since the Olympics-92, professional basketball players have been officially allowed to participate in the Games. The US Olympic team, made up of NBA stars, was dubbed the Dream-team even before its roster was announced. She fully met the expectations of her fans and won a landslide victory at the Games-92. The dream team repeated its success at the next two Games.
Women's basketball was first included in the Olympic program at the 1976 Montreal Games. The first then, as then at the Games 1980 and 1992, was the USSR national team. All other Olympic tournaments were won by the USA national team.
Basketball in Russia.
At the beginning of the 20th century. member of the St. Petersburg Society for the Promotion of Moral, Mental and physical development young people "Mayak" Stepan Vasilievich Vasiliev translated basketball rules into Russian. “The grandfather of Russian basketball,” or, as it was also called, “Russian Naismith,” Vasiliev was just as versatile an athlete and no less enthusiastic about the new game, like its founder. Vasiliev persuaded his Mayak teammates to hold a test game. The historic match took place in St. Petersburg in December 1906. The "green team" and the "purple team", named after the color of the sportsmen's T-shirts, took part in it. The "purple team", headed by Vasiliev himself, a little later won the first basketball competition in the history of Russia and several subsequent ones. Petersburg and Moscow became the centers for the development of domestic basketball. In 1909, the first official tournament in Russia was held. In the same year, the first international match took place - with the founders of basketball, the YMCA national team. (According to some sources, this game was the first international match in the history of all world basketball.) The Russian team won a sensational victory.
The first basketball league - already in Soviet times - was created in Petrograd in 1921. In 1923 the first official tournament was held. Until the end of the 1930s, national teams of cities played in all-union competitions. The first in the history of the country championship among clubs was won by the team of Moscow "Dynamo".
After the Great Patriotic War, basketball in the USSR became one of the most popular and popular sports. At various times, the leaders of domestic basketball were Riga SKA, CSKA, Leningrad "Spartak", Kaunas "Zalgiris". Soviet clubs have won the European Champions Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup more than once.
In 1947 the Basketball Section of the USSR (later - the Basketball Federation of the USSR) joined FIBA. In the same year, the USSR national team successfully performed at the European Championship and won gold medals. The Soviet team has always been considered one of the strongest in the world. At the first Olympic tournament for her, our team seriously competed with the US team and took second place. At the 1956, 1960 and 1964 Olympics, she also received "silver", in 1968 - "bronze", and in 1972 won the Olympic tournament for the first time, beating the US team in the final with a minimum margin of 51:50. In 1976 - again "bronze", in 1980 - "silver". In 1988, Soviet basketball players repeated their golden success, beating the US national team on the way to the final. But in the 1990s, the Russians performed unsuccessfully at the Olympic basketball tournaments.
The international debut of Soviet basketball players took place in 1935. One of our club teams beat French women in Paris with a crushing score of 60:11. The shocked organizers of the match offered our basketball players to play with the men's team. This game also ended with the victory of the guests - with a difference of 6 points.
The women's team, created in 1950, had no equal for a long time. Only at the second World Championship (1957) and the sixth European Championship (1958) did Soviet basketball players come second. At all other tournaments, they invariably won: 5 world championships and 20 European championships. And in 1976, the women's team led by Lydia Alekseeva (formerly one of the strongest basketball players in the USSR, who headed the national team for 25 years as a coach) became the first ever team to win an Olympic tournament.
In 1990, the Russian Basketball Federation (RBF) was created, which eventually became the legal successor of the USSR Basketball Federation. Basketball CSKA is still holding its ground. Serious competition for the renowned army club is now Ural Great (Perm), UNICS (Kazan), Lokomotiv (Mineralnye Vody). The traditions of our great basketball players are continued by the current "stars" of national basketball: Igor Kudelin, Andrey Kirilenko, Vasily Karasev, Zakhar and Yegor Pashutin, Sergei Panov and others.
Currently, over 4 million people play basketball in Russia (half of them are schoolchildren).
The Soviet (Russian) basketball school is still considered one of the strongest in the world. Tactical innovations and theoretical studies of the older generation (such as the famous coach Alexander Gomelsky, nicknamed "Dad" or the founder of the "Leningrad school" of basketball, Vladimir Kondrashin) are recognized in many countries. Lydia Alekseeva became the first domestic basketball player whose name was immortalized in the women's basketball hall of fame in the city of Knoxville.
Some types of basketball.
Mini basketball.
Mini-basketball rules were developed in the early 1950s by American Jay Archer. The game is intended for children 6–12 years old and is divided into two levels: mini-basketball proper (age group 9–12 years old) and micro-basketball (for children under 9 years old). The playground and equipment are adapted for childhood... The length of the site is 28 m, width - 15 (options: 26ґ14, 24ґ13, 22ґ12 and 20ґ11 meters). The baskets are attached at a height of 2 m 60 cm, the backboard itself is also smaller than in classic basketball: 1.2ґ0.9 m. The ball weighs 450-500 grams, the circumference is 680-730 mm (for children under 9 years old, the weight of the ball is 300- 330 grams and a circumference of 550-580 mm). The layout of the mini-basketball court is the same as for a standard basketball court, but there is no line delimiting the 3-point area and the free throw line is 3.6 m (option: 4 m) from the backboard.
Mini-basketball is played by teams of five players each, although "reduced" squads are allowed - up to 2ґ2. There are often matches between mixed teams (both boys and girls). The game is played in four halves of 6 minutes. The rules of the game are somewhat different from classic basketball. In mini-basketball, for example, the net time is not recorded and the “rule of three seconds” does not apply.
FIBA has a special commission on mini-basketball, and there is also an International Committee on mini-basketball. Currently, it includes representatives of 170 countries, mini-basketball is cultivated in North and South America, Australia, Asia and Europe - in all 195 countries of the world. The first mini-basketball world championship took place in 1965.
In 1973, a mini-basketball committee was created under the USSR Basketball Federation. A year later, the country's first mini-basketball festival took place in Leningrad. Currently, the All-Russian club "Minibasket" holds a number of national (Cup of Russia, etc.) and international competitions.
Wheelchair basketball.
It appeared in 1946 in the USA. Former basketball players, who were seriously injured and injured on the battlefields during the Second World War, did not want to part with their favorite game and came up with "their own" basketball.
It is now played in over 80 countries. The number of officially registered players is 25 thousand people. International Basketball Federation on wheelchairs(IWBF) organizes various sporting events: World Championship - every 4 years; annual tournaments of club teams, zonal competitions (once or twice a year), etc. Wheelchair basketball has been part of the program of the Paralympic Games since the first such Olympics were held in Rome in 1960.
The rules of wheelchair basketball have their own prohibitions and restrictions. For example, “jogging” is prohibited - when a player, while dribbling the ball, spins the wheel with his hand more than two times.
Streetball
(from the English "street" - street). A more dynamic and aggressive sport than classic basketball. The game involves two teams of three players each (sometimes with one substitute) on a special streetball court or on a regular basketball court, using only one half of it - and, accordingly, only one ring. In the event of a miss, the team that previously attacked the ring protects it from the opponent's attack, etc. Which team will start the game is determined by lot. The game continues until one of the teams scores 16 points (but the gap in the score must be at least 2 points). Sometimes they play until a gap of 8 points or for a time (20 minutes) - in this case, the rule of 30 seconds applies: if during this time the team failed to complete the attack, the ball goes to the opponent. The team is awarded a point for an effective throw, and two points for a throw from the 3-point zone. A ball thrown into the basket is counted only if it has been touched by two players of the attacking team. The ball then passes to the defending team: play restarts as soon as one of its players touches the ball. In this case, the ball must first be brought out of the 3-point line. Jogging, double dribbling and overhead throwing are prohibited.
Streetball tournaments are now held in various cities of Russia, often timed to coincide with major city holidays.
Korfball
(from the Dutch korf - basket). This game was invented in 1902 by a school teacher from Amsterdam, Nico Breckhuissen. Two teams of 8 people each (4 men and 4 women) play on a 40ґ20 m court, halved by a middle line, two halves of 30 minutes each. Four players (2 men and 2 women) are in their own half of the court and defend their basket, four - in the opposing team's half, their task is to hit the “alien” ring. After two successful throws, the defenders move to the offensive zone and vice versa. Korfball is less contact game than basketball. Moreover, according to the rules, a man can only play against a man, and a woman against a woman. Dribbling in korfball is not allowed, and the player who possesses the ball can take no more than two steps with it. The ring is narrower than a basketball ring in diameter (40 cm), and it is attached higher (3.5 m). (There is a more "large-scale" version of the game: with a larger area, the number of players, etc.)
Korfball is extremely common in Holland (more than 100 thousand people are constantly playing it, more than 500 clubs participating in national tournaments are registered) and neighboring countries. Over time, korfball gained recognition all over the world, including in Russia, and is currently included in the World Games program. Since 1933, the International Korfball Federation (ICF) has been operating, currently officially recognized by the IOC and other international sports associations. .
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A sports team game in which players throw the ball into a “basket” (a metal ring with a net without a bottom) 10 feet above the floor (just over 3 meters)
Approximately 30% of NBA players have tattoos on their bodies (on average in America, 4% of residents have tattoos).
OLYMPIC GAMES
Basketball competitions, as a demonstration performed by North American athletes, were held at the 1904 Olympic Games, and are included in the official Olympic program in 1936 in Berlin. Professional American basketball players from the NBA were allowed to participate in the Games only in 1992. The men's Olympic basketball championship was played 17 times, the US team won 13 times, Soviet basketball players became champions twice (in 1972 and 1988) and the teams from Yugoslavia and Argentina once each. Women have competed for the Olympic championship 9 times. The first two Olympic Games the basketball players of the Soviet Union won, in 1992 the United CIS team won, and the USA team won the other six Games.
RUSSIA
The first regular basketball lessons in our country are associated with the activities of the St. Petersburg society "Mayak" and its teacher American Moraler, who arrived in Russia in 1907. In the spring of 1908, basketball, along with football and gymnastics, was included in the program of regularly held classes at the sports grounds of Krestovsky Island in St. Petersburg. Basketball players of the USSR became Olympic champions twice - in 1972 and 1988.
Photo - Sergey Kivrin and Andrey Golovanov
A sports team game in which players throw the ball into a “basket” (a metal ring with a net without a bottom) 10 feet above the floor (just over 3 meters). There are two teams, usually twelve people, from each of which there are five players on the court at the same time. The ball can only be held with your hands. You cannot run with the ball without hitting the floor, deliberately kick it, block it with any part of your leg or punch it with your fist. Most hits in the “basket” are worth two points. Successful throws from behind a semicircle - 6.25 meters (in the NBA-7 m 24 cm) are estimated at 3 points, for a throw from the penalty line 1 point is awarded. The match consists of four periods of ten minutes (in the NBA - 12 minutes). The duration of the break between the second and third quarters of the game is fifteen minutes. After a long break, the teams must exchange baskets.
